Richard Cheney Sr. (abt. 1621 - 1685)

Was Charity actually Charity Wood?

Marshall shows Richard's wife as Charity Wood, b. 20 Nov 1628, England, married before 1649 in England, and died 1668, Anne Arundel County, Maryland (Age 39 years). ^[5]

Just as there is a variety of undocumented information circulating about Richard, so is there about his wife Charity.

The confusion "Mary Charity Cheney" arises from conflating records for the Richard Chaney who married Charity, and the Richard Cheney who married Mary, Both couples appear as separate articles on this site. I suspect that not distinguishing between them has led to a number of conflations, including birth, land, and will records. The birth records are easily disentangled since in most cases the father and mother are both mentioned. Unless the land and will records mentions the name of the wife, it becomes difficult to associate the record with the right RIchard Cheney. WMW 2022 Apr 4

Did Richard and Charity come from Virginia rather than England?

Also, Richard seems to have been on especially friendly terms with William Burgess and William Cock(s), who drew up and witnessed his will. William Burgess was definitely from Virginia, and it seems very likely that William Cock was also. ^[1]

In addition, one Richard Cocke, of Henrico Co., in Virginia transported into that colony before Mar 6, 1636 (among others) one Robert Cheyny [Nugest, op. cit., p. 54]. And, there were other Cheneys in Virginia, as well as a few later ones in Maryland." ^[1]

Could there have been two Richards married to Charity and Elinor rather than just one?

The existence of two children named Richard -- one the child of Richard and Charity, the other the child of Richard and Elinor -- raises the question of whether there might be two different men named Richard Cheney, one married to Charity and the other to Elinor. "Name Recycling" occurs most often when a child dies in infancy or early childhood, and then the name is given to a subsequent child, but in the Cheney case, both children lived simultaneously.

Suspicians are increased by apparent differences in behavior: Births in the second family are recorded in All Hallows Parish records while births in the first were not -- but All Hallows Parish's record keeping had not commenced when the first children were born.

The theory that there were two Richard Cheneys would be confirmed if documentation could be found for the different Richards doing different things, perhaps in different places, at the same time. No such documentation however, has been found.

Instead, we have several instances where the same Richard Cheney is involved simultaneously with members of the two families, and this would confirm that there was just one Richard Cheney -- leaving unsolved the mystery of why two children living at the same time were named after their father

• On 9 Jan 1685 Richard Cheney Sr conveys 100 acres to John Jacobs, who married his daughter Anne from the first marriage; his wife Elinor of the second marriage waived dower for the transaction. (AALR H1.45) ^[5]
• In his will of 6 March 1686, Richard Cheney names children of his first marriage -- Richard, Mary, Eliza and Ann, as well as children of his second marriage, Charles and Thomas (who were underage at the time. ^[5] (Richard Cheney had other children who are acknowledged as his children in other documents; presumably he felt no need to name them in his will either because he considered them already appropriately provided for.)
• Most importantly, in 1710, Mary Cheney, widow of Richard the Elder, released her dower right in a portion of the Cheney's Resolution tract which had come to her via Richard the Elder's father, whom she calls Old Richard, in order to convey the land to the younger of the two Richard sons, whom she calls Richard the Twin and identifies Richard the Twin also as a son of "Old Richard."
  • I Mary Cheney, Late Wife Of Richard Cheney of Anne Arundel Dec'd For A Valuable Considreation Me Hereunto Moving,
  • Have Released To Richard Cheney S/O Old Richard Cheney Commonly Called The Twin,
  • All Manner Of Dower Right And Title Which I Might Have
  • To All That Plantation Whreon The Said Old Richard Cheney Did Formerly Dwell, And That Land Which Belongs To The Same And Is Now In The Tenure Or Occupation Of His Said Son, Richard Cheney, The Twin,
  • Being Part Of A Tract Of Land Called Cheney's Resolution.
  • Bounded By A Pearr Tree Where Originally Stood By Original Survey A Marked Oak Standing In The Se Line Of Sd. Old Richard Cheneys 300 Acres Lst Taken Up , Thence To The Land Give By Sd Old Richard Cheney To Wm James, Thence With The Sd Land Of Wm James To The Line Of John Jacobs Sr.
  • Signed 17 Oct 1710. Mary Cheney; Witness Richard Duckett, Richard Cheney Mark. ^[15]

Here's a list of birth records for Richard Cheney and Elinor

From FamilySearch Maryland Births and Christenings, 1650-1995

Thomas Cheny 1-Mar 1669 Richard Cheny, Elianor

Charles Cheny 6-Jun 1673 Richard Cheny, Elianor

Sary Cheny 15-Oct 1677 Richard Cheny, Elianor

Kathern Cheny 12-Mar 1679 Richard Cheny, Elianor

Charijty Cheny 16-Mar 1681 Richard Cheny, Elianor

John Cheny 1-May 1684 Richard Cheny, Elianor

Richard Cheny 1-May 1684 Richard Cheny, Elianor

The source lists birth's and Christenings. As it happens all of the above are births. Note that Richard Cheny, and his twin brother John, are the youngest of the children of Richard and Elinor.

The will quoted above includes the statement To my eldest son, Richard, two-hundred-and-fifty acres called "Cheney's Rest" on South River.

Note that the will does not specifically identify his wife.

Clearly the child list above is not for the same person who wrote his will in 1686 naming his eldest son as Richard. (Why? His eldest son was Richard the Elder, son of his first wife Charity; Richard, twin of John, was his youngest son, son of his second wife Elinor. While it is unusual, this is not the only case of a man having a namesake son by each of two wives. These children are already listed above under "Children": with citations to the original All Hallows Parish registers. Day-1904 10:53, 5 April 2022 (UTC))

Note also that there is in fact another Richard Cheney in the area, this one married to a Mary. (This Richard is Richard the Elder, son of "Old Richard" and Charity who married Mary. These children are listed on the profile of Richard the Elder.Day-1904 10:53, 5 April 2022 (UTC)) The same source cited above gives their children as

Mary Cheney 3-Aug 1681 Birth Richard Cheney, Mary

Richard Cheney 8-Mar 1682 Birth Richard Cheney, Mary

John Cheney 8-May 1684 Birth Richard Cheney, Mary

Joseph Cheney 25-May 1686 Birth Richard Cheney, Mary

Benjamin Cheney 10-Oct 1687 Birth Richard Cheney, Mary

Elizabeth Cheney 25-Mar 1688 Birth Richard Cheney, Mary

Samuell Cheney 4 Sep  1698 Christening Westminster Parish Richard Cheney, Mary

Ann Cheney 4 Sep  1698 Christening Westminster Parish Richard Cheney, Mary

Hanna Cheney 4 Sep  1698 Christening Westminster Parish Richard Cheney, Mary

Susanna Cheney 1701 Christening Westminster Parish Richard Cheney, Mary

In this instance Richard Cheney son of Richard and Mary, is in fact the eldest son (assuming this is a complete list of their children.

I believe that there are indeed two Richard Cheney's in the area, probably overlapping in time, whose data have been intermingled to some extent in this article. Indeed there's an article for Richard and Mary on the site. WMW

Note: the two lists are easier to read in edit mode. Is there a convenient way to creat lists like this that do not run the data together?

Direct Presidential Ancestor

Richard Cheney was an ancestor of Barack Obama, 44th President of the United States. ^[16]

Caution: Duplicate Profiles

The following profiles appear to be duplicates, and once any discrepancies in data between them are resolved, merges should take place:

• Richard Cheney, father of Anne
  • Richard Cheney-1454 was born in England, son of Richard Cheney and Ann Ellinor, and is often confused with, but is NOT Richard Cheney who lived and died in Maryland.

• John Jacob, husband of Anne
  • John Jacob
  • John Jacob b. Sept 18, 1643 in Dover, Kent, England

Appendix I: Archaeology of Cheney Hill

Cheney's "Cheney Hill" homestead was found by archaeologists in the South River Hundred area. ^[17]. The dig "turned up shards of imported German pottery, beads for Indian trading, pipes, utensils, a finger-length iron key, glass, a brick, and other common items....the find has left more questions than answers. Why did Richard Cheney come to the New World? What did he do for money? Why are there two buildings with fireplaces? And why as his home lot on a steep hill?

"It doesn't look like much -- angular depressions knifed a foot deep into the hard clay in woods about 5 miles from Annapolis.

But archaeologists believe the location marks an important site -- the home of a well-known Anne Arundel and southern Maryland family, dating to about 1658.

An excavation begun last year has revealed the first known Chaney -- or Cheney, as the spelling varies -- homestead, called Cheney Hill.

The site, believed to have once held two wood-post buildings, each with a fireplace and chimney, was discovered during an archaeological check of acreage for a proposed residential development.

Working through 350 years of land records revealed that Richard and Charity Cheney bought 100 acres that included that site in 1658, and Cheney rapidly extended his holdings to 1,200 acres.

Through generations, the family settled largely in the Bristol-Lothian area of southern Anne Arundel County, but also moved into Calvert County. Chaneys, under various spellings, account for more than half a page in the Annapolis phone book.

What makes the find particularly significant is the information it might hold about life in an early period and the mystery of its location, said Al Luckenbach, Anne Arundel County archaeologist, whose office is supervising the dig.The dig has turned up shards of imported German pottery, beads for Indian trading, pipes, utensils, a finger-length iron key, glass, a brick and other common items.

The soil points to frequent repair of rotted or termite-eaten posts sunk 2 1/2 feet in the ground.

"We never really knew where they landed, other than it was in Anne Arundel County," said descendant E. Steuart Chaney, whose interest in 19th century history is so intense that he is putting together a small village with buildings from that era at Herrington Harbour. "And now to have the house discovered. It is significant not only to the heritage of our family, but to the heritage of the county."

The structures would have been built about 24 years after the founding of Maryland colony, and their abandonment would have been just at the time London Town, to the south, was developing into a population and business center.

Fewer than a dozen sites from 1658 to the mid-1680s, when the Cheney buildings are believed to have been abandoned, have been found in Anne Arundel County, where Luckenbach is researching "lost towns" of that era.

But this site is perched on a steep knoll off Riva Road and the South River.

"One of the obvious questions is, Where are you growing your tobacco? He is sitting on top of this hill," Luckenbach said.

Tobacco was so lucrative that it inspired a gold rush-like stampede to grow the cash crop. It was similar to the fur-trapping and trading boom that was on its way out by the time Cheney bought the property.

"The way the story goes is that they lived on low areas and grew tobacco. He is not fitting the paradigm. There may be others [who] don't fit the paradigm, but this is the first one that we found," Luckenbach said.

With the house built so high up, someone would have had to carry water up from the river or creek for daily use.

Luckenbach speculated that the site may have been defensive -- protection from Indian raids, or perhaps from other settlers during a time of intense strife in England that also resulted in clashes in Maryland.

The Cheney family is believed to have left England soon after King Charles I was beheaded in 1649, said descendant Bill Chaney, a Revolutionary and Civil wars buff who visited the site earlier this month.

Luckenbach speculated that Cheney might have feared Royalists. But Bill Chaney said yesterday that a 1955 genealogical paper referred to his ancestor as a Royalist. So maybe he worried about local Puritans or was security-minded in general.

Early work on the dig was paid for by CJF Joint Venure and Koch Associates, which still hopes to build a single-family development there. Since spring, when the developers' archaeological obligation ended, Luckenbach has taken it over. He wants to map at least the footprint of the main house.

The find has left more questions than answers. Why did Richard Cheney come to the New World? what did he do for money? Why are there two buildings with fireplaces? And why was his home lot on a steep hill?

What Bill Chaney knew from the 1955 genealogical paper on his family was that the family came from the Isle of Sheppey and that Richard Cheney financed his passage to America. Richard and Charity had four children. After Charity's death, Richard remarried and had seven more children. But he had no idea where they lived.

"If I didn't know where it was, I'd never have found it," Chaney said.

Appendix II: Complete Transcription of Will

The following transcript was made from a photograph of Richard Cheiney's will. ^[18]

I Richard Cheiney Senior of the Couty of Ann Arundel in the province of of Maryland being now in good health and perfect memory doe make this my last Will & tetament revocking all other Wills by me made formerly as Witness my hand and Seale hereunder subscribed this sixth day of March Annoq. Domn 1685/6.

Imprimis I give and bequeath unto my eldest sonn Richard Cheiney to him & his heires forever all my tract or parcell of Land called by the name of Cheiney's Rest lying and being near South River in the County of Ann Arundell aofresaid Containing by estimacion two hundred and fivety acres (and my will is that hee possess this same immediately after my decease.

Item. I give and bequeath unto my two Sonns Thomas & Charles Cheiney all my Plantation whereon I now live called by the name of Resolucion to be equally divided betwixt them only Tenn acres of the said Land I give unto my Wife during her life or widdowhood. Butt if she marry or dye that then I give the said Tenn acres of Land bee divided also between my two Sonnes Thomas and Charles.

Item I give & bequeath unto my three daughters Eliza - Mary and Anne each of them five shillings lawful English money to bee paid them immediately after my decease.

Item. I give and bequeath all the rest of my reall Estate and personall Estate to bee equally divided amongst my wife and my two sonns Thomas & Charles and my Will is that my said Sonnes Thomas & Charles Cheiney shall be all age (and shall enjoy the Estate I have here left them when they shall become sixteene years olds, also my Will is that immediately after my decease the two third parts of the chattell hoggs & horses bee marked for my said two sonnes that when they come at age may possess the increase thereof as well as principall, also I commit into the custody of my said wife during her life or widdowhood my said two sonns together with theire Estate tell they shall become sixteen yeares old only excepting what is above excepted that is that the cattell hoggs and horses be marked as above but iff my wife dye or marrye again my will is that imediately after her death or marriage my said two Sonnes alsoe theire Estate herein mentioned be delivered into the Custody & to the management of my Sonn Richard Cheiney and my son in law John Jacobs and his wife till they shall becomes Sixteen year old and when they shall become sixteen yeares old my will is that what estate I have herein given & bequethed to the bee delivered to them togeather with their increase of the cattell hogges and horses if there be any.

This is my last will and testament. Wittness my hand and seale the day and yeare above written.

Witness his his William Burgess Richard X Cheiney Sealed Willm Cocks mark

I ordaine constitute and appoint my Eldest son Richard Cheiney to be my Executor of this may last will and testament vide. Probates to this Will entered Libr G. P. no 5 fol. 290 for the year 1726 [illegible]

Sources

1. ↑ ^{1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8} Doliante, page 105
2. ↑ Liber Q, f. 74, Hall of Records, Annapolis, cited by Skordas, p. 88 and Doliante, page 105.
3. ↑ Skordas, page 88
4. ↑ ^{4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7} All Hallows Parish Records in Wright, Anne Arundel County Church Records, page 5
5. ↑ ^{5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17 5.18 5.19} Mike Marshall. Early Colonial Settlers of Southern Maryland and Virginia's Northern Neck Counties. Profile for Richard Cheney Accessed 22 November 2021 jhd
6. ↑ Find A Grave: Memorial #104482863 Note -- the Find-a-Grave site repeats the errors of Richard Cheney's legendary English ancestry, but contains a photographic copy of Richard Cheney's recorded will. Accessed 23 November 2021 jhd, Image of Will
7. ↑ ^{7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6} All Hallows Parish Record, cited by Marshall.
8. ↑ Research notes made by Margaret Neal at the Society of Genealogists in London. Neal, Margaret The Cheney Family: A Tentative Reconstruction. Presented in Robert Barnes. British Roots of Maryland Families Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co, 1999, p. 110-111
9. ↑ The Visitation of Kent 1619 in The Publications of the Harleian Society, Vol. XLII, 1848, p. 43. Vance Mead, Genforum Medieval Genealogy Forum #2360, April 13, 2009.
10. ↑ Brooke & Hallen
11. ↑ "England Births and Christenings, 1538-1975," database, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:JQTB-T46 : 30 December 2014, Richard Cheney, 23 Apr 1619); citing SAINT JOHN,HACKNEY,LONDON,ENGLAND, index based upon data collected by the Genealogical Society of Utah, Salt Lake City; FHL microfilm 569,924. (Added by [Mack-1127] Nov. 11, 2017)
12. ↑ Sharon Doliante, Maryland and Virginia Colonials
13. ↑ Newman, Anne Arundel Gentry.
14. ↑ Maryland Archives, vol 1, p. 331-332. http://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc2900/sc2908/000001/000001/html/am1--331.html "Richard Cheyney demands one hundred acres of land in behalf of himself and Charity his wife. Warrt to lay out for Richard Chenyey one hundred acres of land" (Ret. 22 feb next /1658. Per Betty H. Reed, bettyhreed at comcast.net, on Janet Lockard (clanlockard at comcast.net). “My Paternal Ancestors: File on Ancestry.com, Accessed Apr 19, 2009” . Maryland Genealogical Society Bulletin, Vol 20, No. 1, Winter 1979
15. ↑ Mike Marshall. Early Colonial Settlers of Southern Maryland and Virginia's Northern Neck Counties. Profile for Richard Cheney the Elder Accessed 4 April 2022 jhd
16. ↑ Gary Boyd Roberts. Ancestors of American Presidents, 2009 Edition. Boston: New England Historic Genealogical Society, 2009. Page 666.
17. ↑ Andrea F. Siegel, "Homebuilding Site Develops Into an Archaeological Find", Baltimore Sun, Sept 14, 1999
18. ↑ Photograph of the Will of Richard Cheiney which may be accessed through Richard Cheney's Find-a-Grave site: Find A Grave: Memorial #104482863 Transcript made 5 April 2022 by Jack Day jhd The original can be viewed at Ancestry.com minor revisions WMW 6 Apr 2022]

Bibliography of Frequently Cited Sources

• Doliante, Sharon J. Maryland and Virginia Colonials: Genealogies of Some Colonial Families. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1991. [Clearfield Publishing, 1998, 2000. Reprinted in 2 vols. (orig. 1 v.) Chapter IV: Chaney-Cheiney-Cheney-Cheyney, etc., Volume I, pp 105-128.
• Newman, Harry Wright. Anne Arundel Gentry: A Genealogical History of Some Early Families of Anne Arundel County, Maryland. 1933 Maryland Pioneer series; Lord Baltimore Press, Baltimore, MD. Delaware: Colonial Roots, 2003 [Rpt.], v. 1, p. 291. Publication notes: The first, single volume "Anne Arundel Gentry" was published 1933 by Lord Baltimore Press, Baltimore, Maryland. A revised and expanded 3 volume edition was published by the author, 1970-1979. The Colonial Roots edition is a reprint of that 3 volume set.Pgs 348-352
• Skordas, Gust. The Early Settlers of Maryland. Baltimore, Maryland : Genealogical Pub. Co., 1968
• Wright, F. Edward. Anne Arundel County Church Records of the 17th and 18th Centuries. Westminser, Maryland: Family Line Publications, 1989.

Secondary Sites With Some Usefulness

• Ulrich, Ron. Personal Individual Genealogy. Ulrich Family Tree Links. Note: This is a very extensive genealogy which, unfortunately, does not cite its sources.
• Wells, Gary Ramsay. 61 Personal individual genealogy. Chaney Lineage. (personal Individual genealogy). Originally on Geocities, now on Archive.com's Internet Archive "Wayback Machine." - FR Note: Contains references to early Cheneys in England, and erroneous English ancestry of Richard Cheney of Maryland. Possibly useful for Cheney descendants. 5 April 2022. jhd Note: I found the lineage on this site very hard to follow and quite a few errors in dates. - TF.

See also:

• Source S4Pitard.net. Spells surname "Cheyney." This site shows no maiden name/parents, dates for his wife Charity. Books listed below (S30-S35) are cited or mentioned on this page.
  • Source S31 Duckett Genealogy: A Maryland Colonial Family. Edythe R. Whitley. Nashville, Tennessee; privately distributed, 1947. NOTE: This is the book referred to on Pitard.net (S4, above) when he writes, "According to Whitley..."
  • Source S33 Early Families of Southern Maryland. Elise Greenup Jourdan. Westminster, Maryland : Family Line Publications, [Willow Bend Books, Heritage Books], 1993-<2001 >. v. <1-10 >. v. 4, p. 240.
  • Source S35 The Hall Family of West River and Kindred Families. Thomas John Hall III. Denton, MD: Rue Publishing, 1941.
• Source S52 Passenger and Immigration Lists Index, 1500s-1900s. P. William Filby, ed. Farmington Hills, MI, USA : Gale Research, 2006. Online publication - Provo, UT, USA : The Generations Network, Inc., 2006.
• Source S566 Digested summary and alphabetical list of private claims which have been presented to the House of Representatives from the First to the Thirty-first Congress Washington, D.C. : Wm. M. Belt, 1853. 3 vols. v. 1. Online publication - Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2000.
• Source S0161 Maryland State Archives 9 FEB 2017 Time: 18:11:20 vol 1, p. 332
• Source S0163 The New Early Settlers of Maryland Gibb, Carson Publication: Maryland State Archives Gibb Collection, updated in 2005: MSA SC 4341 http://www.msa.md.gov/msa/speccol/sc4300/sc4341/html/search.html 9 FEB 2017 Time: 15:20:35 R:172, Transcript: 4:439-41; AA:353, Transcript: 6:63; R:172, Transcript 5:10, 101, 294-300; 10:421, Original FF:485 Certainty: 2
• Source S0164 United States Census (Slave Schedule), 1850 Publication: Family Search LDS May 22, 2014 9 FEB 2017 Time: 19:24:08 https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-6PH7-C7?cc=1420440&wc=MJC6-SRS%3A1042936001%2C1042941801%2C1042941802 Maryland > Calvert > image 39 of 55; citing NARA microfilm publication M432 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Adminis
• Source The Flowering of the Maryland Palatinate Newman, Harry Wright Publication: 1985 Baltimore, Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc. 10 FEB 2017 Time: 09:01:39
• Source S0166 Yesterday in Old St. Mary's County Pogue, Robert E. T. Publication: 1985 by author, Bushwood, MD 10 FEB 2017 Time: 09:02:51
• Source S0167 Rootsweb-Ancestry various Publication: various years of publication, obtained by Ancestry.com, continued to be freely accessible 20 MAR 2017 Time: 21:15:54 Passenger List of the Ark and the Dove David Bell 2003, updated 2005 http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~calvertgenealogy/The%20Ark%20and%20the%20Dove%201634%20.html
• Source S0168 A Guide to the Microfilm Edition of Black Studies Research Sources, Microfilms from Major Archival and Manuscript Collections General Editors: Bracey, John H. & Harley, Sharon Publication: http://cisupa.proquest.com/ksc_assets/catalog/8968.pdf 10 FEB 2017 Time: 09:51:10
• Source S0197 An Analysis of the 17th Century Clay Tobacco Pipes From the Chaney's Hills Site Callage, Rosemarie; Kille, John; Luckenbach, Al Publication: losttownsproject.org Maryland Archaelogy 19 FEB 2017 Time: 11:19:22 Vol 35 Pgs 27-33 http://www.losttownsproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Maryland-Archaeology,-Vol.35(2),-pp.27-33,-September-1999.pdf SEP 1999
• Source S0198 Archaelogical Study of Colonial Chesapeake Culture Publication: The Digital Archaelogical Record Arizona State University 19 FEB 2017 Time: 11:22:16 Chaney's Hills http://core.tdar.org/project/6072/chaneys-hills-18an1084
• Source S0215 Early Virginia Immigrants Greer, George Cabell, Clerk Virginia State Land Office Publication: 1912 W.C. Hill Printing Co., Richmond, VA 1 MAR 2017 Time: 13:20:31 Pg 65, https://books.google.com/books?id=xDISAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
• 1658-1758 Charles County MD Families "The first 100 years": Wills, Court, Church, Land, Inventories & Accounts; Includes early Northern Neck VA, records for counties bordering the Rappahannock & Potomac Rivers: The 1656-1692 Old Rappahannock County Deeds & Minutes were just added. These county records were selectively added, focusing on the North bank, but upsteam you will see now day Caroline and King George County records up to Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania county. Currently adding 1652-1714 Lancaster County records
• Early Families of Southern Maryland: Volume 4 Elise Greenup Jourdan. Berwyn Heights, MD : Heritage Books, 2007. ISBN 1585493007, 9781585493005, 326 pages.
• Maryland, Wills and Probate Records, 1635-1777 for Edward Spalding; All Counties Wills, vol 40-41, 1774-1777; Image