Robert Keith (abt. 1274 - abt. 1343)

Born about 1274 in Scotland [uncertain]

Ancestors

Descendants

Died about 1343 at about age 69 in Dupplin, Perthshire, Scotland

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Biography

Robert Keith is Notable.

Robert Keith is a member of Clan Keith.

Birth

Robert was the eldest son and heir of William de Keith (d. bef. 1293) and Barbara, daughter of Adam de Seton.^[1][2] Although Robert's date of birth is uncertain, it has been estimated as occurring circa 1274, as Robert's eldest son, John, had son and heir Robert, (grandson of Robert)^[3][4] who is:

...mentioned by Wyntoun^[5] as having been present at the taking of Perth in 1332. He must have been then quite a youth, for he seems to have been under age in 1335-36, when Ralph de Neville possessed his half of the Soulis lands in Liddesdale in ward. He seems to have been dead some years prior to 1345-46.^[6]

If grandson Robert was present at the taking of Perth in 1332, he would likely have been at least 16, for any younger, he would not have been eligible for military service.^[7][8] This seems possible, given that he was still a minor in 1335-36, which could place his age at about 19.^[6] Thus, grandson Robert would have been born circa 1316. Assuming an early parentage of 21 for his father, John would have been born around 1295. Continuing with this line of reasoning, had John's father, Robert Keith, been a youthful 21 at John's birth, he would have been born circa 1274. It is likely, however, that he was born prior to this year.

The marriage of William de Keith and Barbara de Seton also produced four additional children: Sir Richard, who died without issue; Sir Edward, who succeeded his brother Robert as Marischal of Scotland; Philip, rector of Biggar in Lanarkshire; and Unknown, a daughter who allegedly married William Douglas, but according to Balfour Paul, lacks sufficient evidence.^[2][9]

Marriage

While nothing is known of Robert's youth or the date of his alleged marriage to Barbara Douglas of unknown parentage, it is known that he had the following issue: John,^[10][1] who married the co-heir and sister of William de Soulis, and was deceased by 1324 and Sir William, noted for opposing the peace in August of 1335 between Scotland and England.^[6][1][11]

Notable Events

In 1294, when Sir ^[12][13] Robert would have been at least 21, he succeeded his father as Earl of Marischal; Robert was also a staunch supporter of the new king, John Balliol.^{[14][15][16][17]} It was during these early years that Balliol installed Comyn men as his senior advisors in his inchoate government, but he faithfully included long-time supporters in more minor positions. Robert Keith, being among the loyal, thus faithfully served the king as his marshal^[17][16] and in response to this service, John Balliol granted him a charter of confirmation for the lands of Keith and those in East Lothian.^[17][2][18]

An adherent of Balliol, both during and after his reign, Robert actively resisted Edward I's control of Scotland,^[1] for which he was rewarded with the wardenship of the Forest of Selkirk in 1299 through the joint guardianship of Robert Bruce and John Comyn.^[2][16] During this same year, as the Scots were rising against English aggression, they actively sought assistance from Rome. In response, in June 1299, Pope Boniface VIII sent letters to Edward I demanding that he cease his aggressive claims of sovereignty over Scotland, as the Court of Rome held Scotland in fief, given John Balliol's surrender to the pope.^[19] The king responded by summoning a parliament, whereby he declared civil, imperial, canonical, and royal laws supported his authority as sovereign of Scotland.^[20] Still angered, Edward advanced his troops on Scotland and laid siege to Carlaverock castle in July of 1300.^[20]

Reconstruction of Nottingham Castle

Having served as Warden of the Forest of Selkirk but briefly, Robert was captured by the English in 1300 and imprisoned first at Carlisle, but was deemed so dangerous an enemy by Edward I that he was later sent to Nottingham and Bristol, deep into the southern interior of England.^[16][21] Following his transfer to Nottingham castle with fellow renegade, Robert de Barde, Edward instructed the sub-constable of Nottingham to house them separately, given their alleged ill repute and the king's fear of them remaining too close to Scotland.^[21][16] Edward I, not yet satisfied that he had neutralized this threat later separated the men to Bristol and Gloucester respectively.^[22][16] Under what conditions Robert served his sentence is unknown, but he was released from prison in 1303/4, after which he made his peace with Edward and was subsequently installed by the king as sheriff of Aberdeen in the same year.

An interesting sidebar in the timeline of Robert's biography occurred during the reign of John Balliol who had been in possession of the young daughters and heirs of Andrew de Crawford, but later sold the girls (Susan and Alyse) to Robert Keith. His possession of the sisters was confirmed by Edward I, following Keith's newly found allegiance to the English king. According to Keith, he claimed in 1303 that he had purchased the girls long before being captured in war, but according to Edward I, the wardship of the girls was given to Sir Nigel Cambel, "before Sir Robert came into this peace in the first war,"^[23] possibly while Robert was in prison. It is unknown what became of these children after Balliol was imprisoned in the Tower, but they may have ended up in the custody of Edward I.^[24] In a letter written by Robert Keith in 1307/8 to an unknown recipient, he stated:

Since the addressee is taking pains to secure the deliverance of Fergus de Ardrossan on good surety, requests that he attempt to obtain the deliverance of the countess of Buchan with the aid of her nephew, [Earl] Duncan of Fife. The writer bought from King John the infant daughters and heirs of Andreu de Craford, and King Edward [I] confirmed the writer in possession of them when he came into the king's peace, and at a full parliament in London ordered Sir John Sendeil, chamberlain of Scotland, and the chancellor of Scotland to allow him to have these children, and to distrain Sir Dovenald Chambel and Sir Nel Chambel by their lands and bodies. Asks that the king permit him to have a letter of gift of the lands of these children, so that they will do his will, as the law of Scotland wills ... He holds these lands by grant of [the king's] father, who is dead. The children's names are Susan and Alyse. The lands are Loudoun, Loncmertenan and Stenstoun in co. Ayr, and Draffain in co. Lanark. Also, since wardships and escheats are due ... asks the king for £200 of land ...^[25]

Following the capture of William Wallace, he was brought before Edward I, where he was tried, found guilty of treason, and executed on 23 August 1305.^[20] While Edward ordered a defensive wall be built around Berwick and named John de Segrave Guardian of Scotland, the Scots again rebelled against the king and named John Comyn as Guardian. At the king's beckoning, Robert Keith, Ingram de Umfraville, and Robert Hastings, warden of Roxburgh Castle, began passing a great number of arms between the Marches and in Teviotdale, in preparation for future conflict with the Scottish rebels.^[20] During this same period, Robert was elected as one of ten Scots to serve as commissioner of Scotland at Edward I's parliament at Westminster,^[26] whereby a series of regulations were agreed to, that included Robert's appointment on 26 October 1305, as co-justiciar along with Sir William Inge, of the lands north of Forth.^[22] For this service, he received an annual salary of 40 merks.^[26] Robert was also installed as one of the four deputy wardens of Scotland.^[1][19]

After the death of Edward I in 1307, Robert's service to the English crown continued, as Edward II ordered Robert to stand against Robert Bruce. Although Robert's support of the English cause continued through 20 May 1308, three days following the battle of Inverurie, Robert switched allegiance and thereafter served Robert Bruce for the duration his life.^[26][27] Robert was justly rewarded for this faithful allegiance, as on 16 March 1309, while attending Bruce's St. Andrew's Parliament,^[28] he received a grant of the Forest of Kintore in the Grioch and the lands of Alnedan and Auchtidonald in Buchan.^[15][16] Of greater importance, however, a letter was drafted at this Parliament to Philip IV, on which the attendees, including Robert Keith and his brother Edward, placed their seals, in an effort to petition French support:

May your royal majesty deign to take note, with pious mind, that in the exaltation of Christian princes the name of Christ is extolled and the Catholic faith strengthened. If, therefore, the standing of our lord [the king whom] we say unanimously is [... ... ...], is exalted and the kingdom of Scotland returns to its former free condition, the tempests of war having been quelled and secure peace having been granted, then your royal highness will be able to have as supporters to achieve the end of your desire, the service of God, and to come to your help, not only our lord the king aforesaid, but also the inhabitants of his kingdom as best they are able.^[29]

Although Robert continued to serve as Justiciar of Forth to the Orkney islands, in 1311 his abiding loyalty to Robert Bruce resulted in Edward II forfeiting Robert's barony of Keith, which was then given to Robert Hastang.^[26][30] Despite this loss, Robert's years of service to the Scottish crown were richly rewarded with several diplomatic assignments, where he served as a peace commissioner to England in 1323, whereupon following an agreement of truce, he was selected by Bruce as one of the guarantors.^[31][16] A year later, Robert was again recognized for his service, and was conferred the lands of Alnedan and the Forest of Innerpeffin, Calbanestoun, Keith-Symon, the Forest of Kintore, as well as four davachs of land in Strathbogie.^[31] Persevering in his diplomatic duties, for which he was so often richly rewarded, he was among the dignitaries who ratified the Treaty of Corbeil in 1326, with Charles IV of France.^[31][16] But Robert was not alone among the Keiths in benefiting from his service to the king, for in 1328, Sir Edward received a charter to the lands of Kelly from Robert Bruce, witnessed by his brother Robert, Marischal of Scotland.^[32]

Battle of Bannockburn

The Battle of Bannockburn on 23/24 June 1314 was a great Scottish victory, owed in part to the military prowess of Robert Keith.^[1][26] The English forces numbered approximately 12,000+ infantry against a Scottish army of 5,000 to 6,000 men, which Bruce divided into three contingents of schiltrons.^[33][34] Bruce commanded the central schiltron, with his brother Edward likely assisting him, Randolf the right wing, and Douglas and Stewart the left. Keith remained in the rear with a small force of light cavalry, to assist as needed.^[35][36] Engaging the English army in a pitched battle, Bruce offensively deployed his four commanders and their troops and launched a full-scale attack. It was on the second day of battle that Robert Keith, commanding the Scottish cavalry of 500 men, attacked the English longbowmen in the flank, causing the English army to break formation and subsequently disperse.^[26][35][33] Moreover, as Edward II fled with his personal bodyguard and the royal standard was witnessed abandoning the field, the remaining troops panicked, resulting in the humiliating rout of English forces.^[33]

The Battle of Bannockburn

In 1320, Robert Bruce, in appreciation for Robert's loyal services, as well as his skill on the battlefield, bestowed upon him at the parliament held at Perth, large regions of the forfeited land of the Comyns, Earls of Buchan, as well as the Marischal home and the majority of their estates in the north and north-east of Scotland.^[26][1][19]

While the Battle of Bannockburn boosted the morale of the Scottish people, it also brought great wealth to the nation. Through the battlefield spoil that included livestock, English provisions, gold and silver, as well as large ransoms for the captured, it was estimated that this new-found Scottish wealth was equivalent to £3,000,000 in 1896, an imposing £408,000,000 in today's wealth.^[37][38] While this victory clearly emboldened the Scots offensive raids across the northern borders of England and inspired their crusade for independence, in consequence, Pope John XXII, who was acting on behalf of the English king, excommunicated Robert I and threatened to place Scotland under interdict.^{[39][40][41][42]}

Declaration of Arbroath

Despite the Scottish victory at Bannockburn, Edward II continued his abusive practices against the Scottish barons, where in an act of recalcitrance, Robert Keith, along with eight earls, 31 barons, and possibly more placed their seals on the Declaration of Arbroath on 6 April 1320.^[26][43][44]

The Ruins of Arbroath Abbey

As a response to the Wars of Scottish Independence, this declaration of sovereignty written to Pope John XXII, demanded release from the Norman kings' feudal control of Scotland and a reversal of the excommunication of Robert Bruce, with the sovereign right to choose another king should Bruce proved unsuitable. Moreover, the sealants of the Declaration demanded the right to exercise military action if attacked.^[45][46]

While pope John XXII advised Edward II to make peace with the Scots in what appears a quid pro quo for the Scottish promise to support the pope's crusade, the pope's loyalty proved mercurial, as the following year he once again allied with the English.^[47] Sovereignty proved elusive, however, as it was not until the accession of Edward III that the 1328 Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton was signed and Edward recognized hard-won Scottish independence and acknowledged Robert Bruce as king of Scotland.^[48][39]

Death

There is some dispute regarding the date and location of Robert Keith's death, where Boece claimed that Robert was killed at the Battle of Dupplin Moor in 1332,^[49] while others, such as Balfour Paul, Maxwell, Bain, Ramsay, and McLennan claim he fell on 17 October 1346, fighting for King David II of Scotland at the Battle of Durham.^{[6][50][51][16][52]} Balfour Paul's argument against Boece's claim is that while lesser person's deaths were noted, no mention is made of Robert dying in this battle by other contemporary historians. Balfour continued:

The balance of evidence rather supports the view that he survived the slaughter at Dupplin, and that it was he, and not his grandson of the same name, who aided the young King of Scotland to escape to France, and accompanied him there, in May 1334, and was in attendance at the Court held by the exiled King at the Chateau Gaillard in Normandy.^[31]

This is further supported by the fact that, according to Balfour Paul, on 21 February 1341-42, Robert witnessed a royal charter for the town of Aberdeen and returned to Scotland with King Robert in June of 1342. His name also appeared frequently as Sheriff of Aberdeen between the years 1335 and 1342.^[31][1]

Moreover, according to the Calendar of Documents Relating to Scotland, having assembled forces at Bishop-Auckland, southwest of Durham, the Archbishop of York and other English magnates marched to impede the progress of David II and his troops. After challenging combat that lasted several hours, on 17 October 1346, the English rose to victory at the battle of Neville's Cross. The losses suffered by the Scots were great. The Scottish king was taken prisoner, John earl of Moray, Maurice earl of Stratherne, constable David Hay, chamberlain Robert Peebles, and chancellor Thomas Charteris, as well as Robert Keith were slain. In addition, numerous earls and barons were taken prisoner.^[51]

There is an issue of note, however, that renders Robert Keith's death as occurring in 1346 at the battle of Durham somewhat perplexing. If his estimated date of birth is correct (ca. 1274), Robert would have been 72 (perchance older) when he was killed at the Battle of Durham. While possible, at this advanced age, it seems unlikely.

Perhaps better aligned with probability, People of Medieval Scotland indicates that Robert died in 1343/4, apparently having fallen at neither the battle of Dupplin Moor nor Durham in 1346.^[1] This seems a credible date, as according to a charter in the Registrum Episcopatus Aberdonensis, Robert Keith was Sherriff of Aberdeen and living on 14 July 1335, obviously having survived the 1332 Battle of Dupplin Moor. ^[53] He was also living in 1340, as referenced in this same volume.^[54] But, there is no mention of him in the records following this date. It seems, according to People of Medieval Scotland, that his date of death, recorded as circa 1343, would be the more probable.^[1]

Upon Robert's death, his brother Sir Edward succeeded him, ^[6][1] which is corroborated by a charter dated 7 November 1324, in the Records of the Parliaments of Scotland :

Robert, etc. Know that we, etc., have confirmed to our beloved and faithful Sir Robert de Keith all the lands and tenements written below, with the pertinents, which the same Robert held of us in chief and returned back to us and resigned at Berwick-upon-Tweed on the first Wednesday after the feast of All Saints in the nineteenth year of our reign [7 November 1324] in our full council held in the same place in the presence of our magnates, by rod and staff, namely the lands of Keith Marischal, with the office of marischal of our kingdom pertaining to the same lands, Keith Simon, Covington, Aden in Buchan with the new forest, Innerpeffray, four davachs of land in Strathbogie, and the Forest of Kintore, with all liberties and pertinents pertaining to the same lands and office. To be had and held by the same Robert and Robert, son of the late Sir John de Keith, son of the aforementioned Robert de Keith, and the heirs male of the body of the same Robert, son of the said late John de Keith, to be legitimately procreated with the name of Keith and bearing the arms, and the legitimate heirs male of the same Robert, son of the said John, failing, the legitimately procreated heirs male of the aforementioned Sir Robert de Keith, whom failing Sir Edward de Keith, brother of the said Sir Robert, and the legitimate heirs male issuing of his body; and failing the legitimate male issue of the same Edward, the nearest heirs male of the aforesaid Sir Robert de Keith principally bearing the aforesaid name and arms, in fee and heritage in perpetuity.^[3][4]

Research Notes

Wikipedia quotes from Alexander Nisbit that, "Sir Robert Keith II, Keith Earl Marischals married Elizabeth Strachan, and had a son, Sir Robert Keith III (d. 1346) who married Elizabeth, the daughter of John Comyn, a potent man.” This appears to be an error, as this Robert II, according to Nisbet, was referenced as commanding part of the Scot's army during the reign of King Duncan (reign 1034-1040). Thus, in Wikipedia, the stated death of Robert II's son occurred 300 years after the fact. Instead, it appears the subject of this profile is deemed by Nisbet, as Robert XIII, where his exploits in the battle of Bannockburn are referenced, as well as his wife, Barbara Douglas.^[55] Moreover, Robert Keith had two sons, John and William. No sources have been located indicating he had a son by the name of Robert, although he had a grandson by that name.^{[10][1][6][3][4]}

Sources

1. ↑ ^{1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11} People of Medieval Scotland 1093-1371. Robert Keith, Marischal (no. 16138). Retrieved from PoMS (Available online); accessed 3 July 2021.
2. ↑ ^{2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3} Balfour Paul, James. (1909). The Scots Peerage: Founded on Wood's ed. of Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland; Containing an Historical and Genealogical Account of the Nobility of that Kingdom (Vol. VI, p. 30). Edinburgh: D. Douglas. Retrieved from Internet Archive (Available online); accessed 3 July 2021.
3. ↑ ^{3.0 3.1 3.2} Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707. (7 November 1324). Charter: To Sir Robert Keith of Lands and the Office of Marischal Resigned in Full Council (trans. n.d.). Retrieved from RPS (Available online); accessed 3 July 2021.
4. ↑ ^{4.0 4.1 4.2} Thomson, John Maitland (Ed.). (1912). Registrum Magni Sigilli Regum Scotorum A.D. 1306-1424 (App. I, no. 47, p. 453, 454). Edinburgh: H.M. General Register House. Retrieved from HathiTrust (Available online); accessed 15 June 2021.
5. ↑ Wyntoun, Andrew. (1872). The Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland (Vol. II, p. 394). In David Laing (Ed.). Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas. Retrieved from Internet Archive (Available online); accessed 23 June 2021.
6. ↑ ^{6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5} Balfour Paul, James. (1909). The Scots Peerage: Founded on Wood's ed. of Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland; Containing an Historical and Genealogical Account of the Nobility of that Kingdom (Vol. VI, p. 33). Edinburgh: D. Douglas. Retrieved from Internet Archive (Available online); accessed 2 July 2021.
7. ↑ MacDonald, Alastair J. (October 2013). Courage, Fear and the Experience of the Later Medieval Scottish Soldier (p. 182). The Scottish Historical Review, 92(235), 179-206. doi: 10.3366/shr.2013.0174. Retrieved from euppublishing.com (Available online); accessed 26 June 2021.
8. ↑ Alvarez, Sandra. (9 March 2014). Teenagers at War During the Middle Ages. Retrieved from De Re Militari (Available online); accessed 27 June 2021.
9. ↑ Cawley, C. (11 May 2021). Scotland Untitled Nobility (Robert Keith, no. 1h). Retrieved from Foundation for Medieval Genealogy (Available online); accessed 1 July 2021.
10. ↑ ^{10.0 10.1} Douglas, Robert. (1764). The Peerage of Scotland, Containing an Historical and Genealogical Account of the Nobility of that Kingdom, from their Origin to the Present Generation. Collected from the Public Records and Chartularies of this Country, the Records and other Writings of the Nobility and the Works of our Best Historians (pp. 450, 451). Edinburgh: R. Fleming. Retrieved from Internet Archive (Available online); accessed 28 June 2021.
11. ↑ Maxwell, Herbert. (1913). The Chronicle of Lanercost, 1272-1346: Translated, with notes (p. 294). Glasgow: J. Maclehose. Retrieved from Internet Archive (Available online); accessed 3 July 2021.
12. ↑ Thomson, John Maitland (Ed.). (1912). Registrum Magni Sigilli Regum Scotorum A.D. 1306-1424 (Index B, no. 27, p. 537). Edinburgh: H.M. General Register House. Retrieved from HathiTrust (Available online); accessed 3 July 2021.
13. ↑ Robertson, William. (1798). An Index, Drawn up About the Year 1629, of Many Records of Charters, Granted by the Different Sovereigns of Scotland Between the Years 1309 and 1413... (p. 16). Edinburgh: Murray & Cochrane. Retrieved from Internet Archive (Available online); accessed 19 June 2021.
14. ↑ Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707. (6 November 1314). Letters: The Declaration of Arbroath; Legislation: Ordinance, Judgement and Statute of Disinheritance on Those who had Died or Lived Outside the Faith and Peace of the King (trans. n.d.). Retrieved from RPS (Available online); accessed 28 June 2021.
15. ↑ ^{15.0 15.1} Robertson, William. (1798). An Index, Drawn up About the Year 1629, of Many Records of Charters, Granted by the Different Sovereigns of Scotland Between the Years 1309 and 1413... (p. 2). Edinburgh: Murray & Cochrane. Retrieved from Internet Archive (Available online); accessed 19 June 2021.
16. ↑ ^{16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.7 16.8 16.9} McLennan, Neil. (2020). Conquered by No One: A People's History of the Scots who made the Declaration of Arbroath in 1320 (pp. 141-146). In N. McLennan (Ed.). Edinburgh: Old Baberton. Retrieved from the library of Pamela Moen; accessed 28 June 2021.
17. ↑ ^{17.0 17.1 17.2} Beam, Amanda G. (2005). The Political Ambitions and Influences of the Balliol Dynasty, c. 1210-1364 (pp. 176, 202, 419). (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from University of Stirling (Available online); accessed 3 July 2021.
18. ↑ People of Medieval Scotland 1093-1371. (20 august 1294). Charter to Robert de Keith (Trad. ID. Simpson, Handlist; no. 377; calendar no. 1/51/16) Retrieved from PoMS (Available online); accessed 28 June 2021.
19. ↑ ^{19.0 19.1 19.2} Barrow, G. W. S. (2013). Robert Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland (pp. 61, 271, 284). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Retrieved from personal library of Pamela Moen; accessed 29 June 2021.
20. ↑ ^{20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3} Gray, Thomas. (1907). Scalacronica: The Reigns of Edward I, Edward II and Edward III, as Recorded by Sir Thomas Gray (Herbert Maxwell trans., Vol. 1, p. 23). Glasgow: J. Maclehose. Retrieved from Internet Archive (Available Online); accessed 26 June 2021.
21. ↑ ^{21.0 21.1} Barrow, G. W. S. (2013). Robert Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland (pp. 112, 113). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Retrieved from personal library of Pamela Moen; accessed 19 June 2021.
22. ↑ ^{22.0 22.1} Bain, Joseph, (1881). Calendar of documents relating to Scotland preserved in Her Majesty's Public Record Office, London (Vol. II, nos. 1147, 1148, 1159, 1691, pp. xxvi, 292, 295, 457). Edinburgh: H. M. General Register House. Retrieved from Internet Archive (Available online); accessed 20 June 2021.
23. ↑ Bain, Joseph. (1881). Calendar of Documents Relating to Scotland Preserved in Her Majesties Public Record Office. London: 1307-1357 (Vol. II, nos. 1406, 1409, pp. lix, 362, 363). Edinburgh: H.M. General Register House. Retrieved from Internet Archive (Available online); accessed 3 July 2021.
24. ↑ Beam, Amanda G. (2005). The Political Ambitions and Influences of the Balliol Dynasty, c. 1210-1364 (pp. 65, 235, 236). (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from University of Stirling (Available online); accessed 24 June 2021.
25. ↑ Bain, Joseph. (Ed.). (1881). Calendar Of Documents Relating To Scotland, Preserved In Her Majesty's Public Record Office, London (Vol. V, no. 523, p. 223). Edinburgh: H.M. General register House. Retrieved from Internet Archive (Available online); accessed 19 June 2021.
26. ↑ ^{26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 26.5 26.6 26.7} Balfour Paul, James. (1909). The Scots Peerage: Founded on Wood's ed. of Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland; Containing an Historical and Genealogical Account of the Nobility of that Kingdom (Vol. VI, p. 31). Edinburgh: D. Douglas. Retrieved from Internet Archive (Available online); accessed 28 June 2021.
27. ↑ Dalrymple, David. (1797). Annals of Scotland: From the Accession of Malcolm III in the Year MLVII to the Accession of the House of Stewart in the Year MCCCLXXI, to Which are Added, Tracts Relative to the History and Antiquities of Scotland (Third ed., Vol. II, pp. 32, 33). Edinburgh: Archibald Constable & Co. Retrieved from Internet Archive (Available online); accessed 3 July 2021.
28. ↑ Barbour, John. (1909). The Bruce (no. 61, p. 441). London: A. and C. Black. Retrieved from Internet Archive (Available online); accessed 28 June 2021.
29. ↑ Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707. (16 March 1309). Letters: By the Magnates of Scotland to Philip IV, King of France (trans. n.d.). Retrieved from RPS (Available online); accessed 3 July 2021.
30. ↑ Bain, Joseph (Ed.). (1887). Calendar of Documents Relating to Scotland (Vol. III, p. lxiii). Edinburgh: H. M. General Register House. Retrieved from Google Books (Available online); accessed 28 June 2021.
31. ↑ ^{31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 31.4} Balfour Paul, James. (1909). The Scots Peerage: Founded on Wood's ed. of Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland; Containing an Historical and Genealogical Account of the Nobility of that Kingdom (Vol. VI, p. 32). Edinburgh: D. Douglas. Retrieved from Internet Archive (Available online); accessed 3 July 2021.
32. ↑ Cokayne, George Edward. (1932). The Complete Peerage; or, A History of the House of Lords and all its Members from the Earliest Times (Vol. VIII, p. 471). London: The St. Catherine Press, Ltd. Retrieved from FamilySearch (Available online); accessed 26 June 2021.
33. ↑ ^{33.0 33.1 33.2} Scott, Ronald McNair. (2014). Robert the Bruce, King of Scots (p. 146, 159). Edinburgh: Canongate. Retrieved from the Kindle library of Pamela Moen; accessed 30 June 2021.
34. ↑ Barrow, G. W. S. (2013). Robert Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland (p. 206). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Retrieved from personal library of Pamela Moen; accessed 30 June 2021.
35. ↑ ^{35.0 35.1} Ramsay, James Henry. (1913). Genesis of Lancaster; or, The Three Reigns of Edward II, Edward III, and Richard II, 1307-1399 (Vol. 1, pp. 68, 70). Oxford: The Clarendon Press. Retrieved from Internet Archive (Available online); accessed 17 June 2021.
36. ↑ Barrow, G. W. S. (2013). Robert Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland (pp. 216, 217). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Retrieved from personal library of Pamela Moen; accessed 30 June 2021.
37. ↑ Bank of England. (2020). Inflation Calculator. Retrieved from Bank of England (Available online); accessed 28 June 2021.
38. ↑ Thomson, Thomas. (1896). A History of the Scottish People From the Earliest Times (Vol. 1, p. 240). Unknown Publisher. Retrieved from Internet Archive (Available online); accessed 26 June 2021.
39. ↑ ^{39.0 39.1} McHugh, Jenny. (2020). For Freedom Alone: The Declaration of Arbroath From English Records. Retrieved from The National archives (Available online); accessed 27 June 2021.
40. ↑ Rose, Alexander. (2003). Kings in the North: The House of Percy in British History (p. 198). London: Orion Books, Ltd. Retrieved from personal copy of Pamela Lohbeck; accessed 20 June 2021.
41. ↑ Simpson, G. (1977). The Declaration of Arbroath Revitalised (p. 20, 21). The Scottish Historical Review, 56(161), 11-33. Retrieved from JSTOR (Available online); accessed 19 June 2021.
42. ↑ Penman, Michael A. (1999). A Fell Coniuracioun Agayn Robert the Douchty King: The Soules Conspiracy of 1318-1320 (pp. 45, 46). The Innes Review, 50(1), 25-57. Retrieved from medievalists.net (Available online); accessed 29 June 2021.
43. ↑ Burns, W. (1874). The Scottish war of independence, its antecedents and effects (Vol. I, pp. 297-304). Glasgow: James MacLehose. Retrieved from Internet Archive (Available online); accessed 19 June 2021.
44. ↑ The National Archives of Scotland (6 January 2017). The Seals on the Declaration of Arbroath. Retrieved from National Records of Scotland (Available online); accessed 30 June 2021.
45. ↑ Douglas, R. (1764). The Peerage of Scotland: Containing an historical and genealogical account of the nobility of that kingdom, from their origin to the present generation: Collected from the public records, and ancient chartularies of this nation, the charters, and other writings of the nobility, and the works of our best historians (pp. 480, 481). Edinburgh: R. Fleming. Retrieved from Internet Archive Available online; accessed 30 June 2021.
46. ↑ National Records of Scotland. (2005). The Declaration of Arbroath: 700th anniversary display. Retrieved from the National Records of Scotland (Available online; accessed 3 July 2021.
47. ↑ Scott, Ronald McNair. (2014). Robert the Bruce, King of Scots (p. 197). Edinburgh: Canongate. Retrieved from the library of Pamela Moen; accessed 26 June 2021.
48. ↑ Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707. (6 April 1320). Letters: The Declaration of Arbroath; Letter of the Barons of Scotland to Pope John XXII (trans. n.d.). Retrieved from RPS (Available online); accessed 3 July 2021.
49. ↑ Boece, Hector. (1858). The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland: Or, a Metrical Version of the History of Hector Boece (Vol. iii, p. 295, 296). London: Longmand, Brown, Green, Lopngmans, and Roberts. Retrieved from Internet Archive (Availalbe online); accessed 15 June 2021.
50. ↑ Maxwell, Charles A. (1870). English and Scottish Chivalry. Tales From Authentic Chronicles and Histories (p. 106). Edinburgh: William P. Nimmo. Retrieved from Google books (Available online); accessed 13 June 2021.
51. ↑ ^{51.0 51.1} Bain, Joseph (Ed.). (1887). Calendar of Documents Relating to Scotland (Vol. III, pp. li, lii). Edinburgh: H. M. General Register House. Retrieved from Google Books (Available online); accessed 3 July 2021.
52. ↑ Ramsay, James Henry. (1913). Genesis of Lancaster; or, The Three Reigns of Edward II, Edward III, and Richard II, 1307-1399 (Vol. 1, p. 342). Oxford: The Clarendon Press. Retrieved from Internet Archive (Available online); accessed 17 June 2021.
53. ↑ Innes, Cosmo. (1845). Registrum Episcopatus Aberdonensis; Ecclesie Cathedralis Aberdonensis Regesta que Extant in Unum Collecta (Vol. I, p. 64). Publisher: Impressum Edinburgi. Retrieved from Internet Archive (Available online); accessed 26 June 2021.
54. ↑ Innes, Cosmo. (1845). Registrum Episcopatus Aberdonensis; Ecclesie Cathedralis Aberdonensis Regesta que Extant in Unum Collecta (Vol. I, p. 69). Publisher: Impressum Edinburgi. Retrieved from Internet Archive (Available online); accessed 1 July 2021.
55. ↑ Nisbet, Alexander. (1816). A system of heraldry, speculative and practical, with the true art of blazon, according to the most approved heralds in Europe: illustrated with suitable examples of armoria figures, and achievements of the most considerable surnames and families in Scotland, together with historical and genealogical memorials relative thereto (Vol. II, Appendix pp. 2, 3, 4). Edinburgh: W. Blackwood. Retrieved from Internet Archive (Available online); accessed 1 July 2021.

See also:

• Wikipedia: Robert II Keith, Marischal of Scotland

• Wikidata: Item Q7345780, en:Wikipedia