Alexander (Dunkeld) King of Scots (1077 - 1124)

Born 1077 in Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland

Ancestors

Died 23 Apr 1124 at about age 47 in Stirling, Stirlingshire, Scotland

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Biography

"Alexander I, The Fierce," “Alexander the Earl,” “Alaxandair mac Maíl Coluim," "Aver," "Earl of Gowrie," "King of Alban,” “King of Scotia,” “Rí Alban," "The Strong”

House of Dunkeld

Birth and Early Life

Alexander Dunkeld was born about 1077, the son of Malcolm III, King of Scots, by his (second) wife, Saint Margaret, Queen of Scots, daughter of Edward the Ætheling and Agatha, kinswoman of Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor. ^[1] He had five brothers: Edward; Edmund I, king of Scots prince of Cumbria, and later a monk; Aethelred (Ethelred), earl of Fife and Abbot of Dunkeld; Edgar I, king of Scots; and David I, king of Scots; and two sisters: Maud, m. Henry I of England; and Mary, m. Eustace III, count of Boulogne and Lens. He also had three half-brothers from his father's first marriage: Duncan II, king of Scots; Malcolm; and Donald. ^{[2][3][4][5][6][7][8]}

Death of his father. On 13 Nov 1093, his father, Malcolm III, King of Scots was attacked in the battle of Alynwick, by a group of men led by Robert de Mowbray, earl of Northumbria. ^[9][10] Robert's nephew, Arkil Morel of Bamborough,…is said to have struck the fatal blows that killed both King Malcolm and his eldest son, Edward. ^[9][11] King Malcolm died (probably) immediately. ^[12] His brother, Edward, was fatally wounded and died several days later at Edwardsisle, in the forest near Jedburgh, Scotland. ^[6] Already gravely ill, now grief-stricken by this news delivered by Edmund, his mother, Saint Margaret, died soon after on 16 Nov 1093. ^[13]

Escape from Donald Bàn, the Usurper. Seizing upon these tragic events, Donald Dunkeld invaded Scotland with his followers. He besieged the children of Malcolm III, King of Scots, including his “lawful and rightful heirs,” Edgar, Alexander, and David, in the Edinburgh Castle of Maidens. However, with the aid of a mist, considered miraculous, they were able escape to the church of Dunfermline with the body of their mother, Saint Margaret, Queen of Scots. Subsequently, they fled to England to the protection of Edgar Atheling, brother to Saint Margaret. ^[13]

Invested as Earl of Gowrie. About 1097, upon the accession of his brother as Edgar I, King of Scots, he was invested as Earl of Gowrie. ^[14][15] In this same year "at Abernathy on the south bank of the Tay," he witnessed a charter of his elder brother, Ædelred, Abbot of Dunkeld, "in favour of the Celi Dé at Loch Laven." ^[16]

Witness to Translation of St Cuthbert's Relics. As a devotee of St Cuthbert, ^[17] he was present In 1104, at Durham, England, as earl Alexander, when the body of St. Cuthbert was disinterred, exhibited, in the episcopate of Ralph d'Escures, Archbishop of Canterbury, and translated with great ceremony to a new shrine in the Cathedral of Durham. ^{[18][19][20][21]}

A natural child with an unknown mistress. Alexander had a natural son, Malcolm, with an unknown mistress, b. aft. 1105, d. aft. 1130. ^{[2][3][6][7][4][22]} After his father's death, he challenged Alexander's successor for the crown, but he was easily defeated in two early battles by David I, King of Scots. However, he continued to threaten the king until he was captured in 1134 and imprisoned for life at Roxburgh. ^[23]

Alexander I, King of Scots

Alexander I, King of Scots succeeded his brother, Edgar I,King of Scots on 8 Jan 1106-7 and reigned until his death on 23 Apr 1124. ^{[2][3][6][7][22][13][24][25][26][27][15]} The accession was initially in dispute because Alexander’s brother, Edgar I, King of Scots, at his death on 8 Jan 1106-7, divided the Kingdom and willed a portion to each of his brothers. To "Earl" Alexander Dunkeld, he bequeathed "Alban and of Lothian north of the Lammermoors, including Stirling and Edinburgh." To "Earl" David Dunkeld, he bequeathed Cumbria and of Lothian south of the Lammermoors." ^[6] Alexander objected to this division and attempted to deny to David his portion. David, with help from the English and Normans, eventually forced Alexander to acknowledge his claim to the appanage. ^[28][15][29] However, he was titled “Prince” or “Earl” and remained subject to Alexander’s authority. ^[4][22]

His marriage arranged by Henry I, King of England. His brother-in-law, Henry I, King of England, arranged the marriages of his 24 children, approximately 20 of them illegitimate, for his personal political advantage. ^[30][31] Accordingly, and in support of his plans for greater domination of the British Isles, when she was about 15 years old, he offered Sybilla, his natural daughter, possibly with the mistress, Sibilla (Corbet) FitzHerbert, ^[32][33] to Alexander. Undoubtedly aware of Henry's well-known motives, the King of Scots accepted, and they were married before 1114. ^{[2][3][6][7][22]} Unfortunately, their marriage produced no children, Sybilla died young on 12 Jul 1122 at Loch Tay, Perthshire, Scotland, ^{[34][2][35][25][36][37]} and Alexander I died less than two years later.

Death of his wife. After her death, her role as Sybilla, Queen of Scots, was harshly attacked by the contemporary William of Malmesbury, “Henry made affinity with Alexander, his successor, giving him his illegitimate daughter in marriage, by whom he had no issue that I know of; and when she died, he did not much lament her loss: for there was, as they affirm, some defect about the lady, either in correctness of manners, or elegance of person.” ^[34] Modern authors have also resonated his comments. Charles Cawley adds this “appears to imply mental retardation.” ^[3] Richard Oram elaborates, “Sibylla, one of Henry I’s brood of bastards, a woman described in Scottish chronicles as lacking in both modesty and looks.” ^[38] It would be tempting to believe some public disaffection with a politically created foreign queen who failed to provide an heir to the king. However, Walter Bower paints a greatly different picture, "In the same year, on the 14th day of the month of July, the most serene and illustrious queen, Sybilla, wife of Alexander, the illustrious king of Scots, departed this life, at the place called Eilean nam Ban, in the district of Atholl, and was buried with great honour in the royal monastery of Dunfermline. She was a woman of singular piety and devotion, and was much beloved by her husband and by all the people. The king was so deeply affected by her death that he never afterwards took another wife, but devoted himself to the service of God and the good of his kingdom." ^[39] it is also notable that on her death, Alexander I apparently memorialized his wife by founding the Priory of Loch Tay and granting the Island of Loch Tay (Sybilla Island) to the monks of Scone, "for the soul of Queen Sybilla." ^{[40][41][42][43]}

The Feudalizing of Scotland. When Alexander's father, Malcolm Canmore, "seized the throne in 1057 the feudal ideals of the Normans had already crossed the Channel. Soon they came to affect Scotland, especially under the influence of Queen Margaret, who set about reforming the Celtic Church. But it was her sons Edgar I, Alexander I, and especially David I, as well as her great-grandsons Malcolm IV and William the Lion, who first established the feudal system in Scotland during the twelfth century, triggering what has been called the Norman Conquest of Scotland. Its introduction was accompanied by a great influx of Anglo-Norman and Flemish settlers into the country, who founded many of the most aristocratic families in the realm, including the Bruces and the Stewarts." ^[44]

Church Reform (Augustinians vs. Culdees). Alexander and his siblings were strictly tutored as children by Turgot of Durham, spiritual adviser to their mother, Saint Margaret, Queen of Scots, ^[45] who had had devoted her life to reforming the primitive Scottish Church of the Culdees (Céli Dé) (St Patrick, St Columba) to conform to the Roman rites of the Anglo-Saxon Church (St Cuthbert; St Augustine, Archbishop of Canterbury). ^[46] Consequently, Alexander and his brothers who would also become kings of Scots, were thoroughly indoctrinated and committed to reform of the Church of the Culdees. ^[47] In order to realize his mother’s reformation objectives without submitting to the English, it was essential for Alexander to restore the See of St Andrews, which had ceased to exist in 1093 on the death of Bishop Fothad II. ^[48] A new archbishop must also conform to Roman rites of the Anglo-Saxon Church, but subject to the King of Scots, not the Anglo-Saxon Church hierarchy in England.

Consecration of the Archbishop of St Andrews. At first, Alexander successfully obtained the consecration of his former tutor, Turgot, then archdeacon and prior of Durham archdeacon and prior of Durham, as bishop of St Andrews on 1 Aug 1109. ^[49][50] However, after quarrels with Alexander, Turgot retired to Durham, and died there on 31 Aug 1115. ^[51][52][53] Despite these obstacles, Alexander boldly moved against the Church of the Culdees in 1115, when he "dismissed the Culdean churchmen, and committed the ‘custody of the church of Scone to canons regular of St. Augustine,’ with a prior at their head.” ^[54][55][56] In a second attempt, Alexander arranged the election of Eadmer, monk of Canterbury, as bishop of St Andrews on 29 June 1120. However, after multiple disputes and complications involving the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Archbishop of York, Alexander, and eventually the Pope, Eadmer was not consecrated and withdrew to Canterbury. ^[57] Still resolute in the face of primacy disputes between the archbishop of York and Ralph d'Escures, Archbishop of Canterbury, in January 1124, Alexander finally nominated Robert, the prior at Scone, to the vacant See of St Andrews. However, he did not live to witness the the actual consecration on 17 Jul 1127. ^[4][22][56]

Ambushed by the men of Moray. "Sometime in the 1110s, probably 1116, the Moravians ambushed King Alexander at Invergowrie near Dundee; ...Alexander was staying on one of his royal estates when he was attacked. The ensuing campaign carried Alexander and his army all the way 'oure the 'Mowith' to the 'Stokfurd into Ross' -- possibly the cattle ford over the Beauly River..." ^[58] It was unforseen and unsettling that an enemy could penetrate so deeply into the kingdom to attack Alexander in his home. With uncertain documentation, it was said that the violence of his counterattack and vengeance on the men of Moray earned him the reputation of Alexander, the Fierce.

A godly man. According to John of Fordun,"…the king was a lettered and godly man; very humble and amiable towards the clerics and regulars, but terrible beyond measure to the rest of his subjects; a man of large heart, exerting himself in all things beyond his strength. He was most zealous in building churches, in searching for relics of saints, in providing and arranging priestly vestments and sacred books; most open-handed, even beyond his means, to all newcomers; and so devoted to the poor, that he seemed to delight in nothing so much as supporting them, washing, nourishing, and clothing them. For following in his mother’s footsteps, he vied with her in pious acts…” ^[13] And Andrew of Wyntoun added more in the language of his time, “Alexander the First, callit the Feirse, the fyift sonne to Malcome Canmore, was crownit eftir Edgar. He was oft invadit be conspiratioun of his inymeis, bot he dantit thame be singular manheid and wisdome. He was gude to Haly-Kirk, and terribill yneucht to his subdittis. He gaif greit possessioun to Dunfermling, that his fader foundit, and ordanit three places of Blak Channonis, that was Scone, Sanct Androis, and Colmes-kirk of Ymonye. He deceissit the seuinteneth zeir of his regnne, but ony successioun of his body, and was buryit in Dunfermling, fra oure redemptioun ane thousand ane hondreth and twenty-sax zeiris.” ^[59]

Support of England's Invasion of Wales. In 1114, Alexander was obligated provide a Scot contingent in support of an invasion of Wales by his wife’s father, Henry I, King of England.^[60] However, in the face of overwhelming forces of Henry I, Gruffudd ap Cynan, King of Wales, sued for peace, and no fighting occurred. ^[61]

Death of his sister, Queen of England. Alexander’s sister, Eadgith (Matilda), Queen of England, wife of Henry I, died on 1 May 1118 and was buried in the church of the Apostle Saint Peter, Westminster, London, England. ^[13][62]

Death

With his plans for restoration of the See of St. Andrew still incomplete, Alexander died on 23 or 27 Apr 1124 at Stirling, Stirlingshire, Scotland and was buried near his father at Dunfermline Abbey, Fife, Scotland. ^{[2][3][6][7][62][25][63][64]} He was succeeded by his brother, David I, King of Scots. ^[65]

Research Notes

1. Conflicting accounts in medieval chronicles are quite common. Medieval chroniclers often wrote with specific audiences in mind, and their accounts reflected their own biases, prejudices, and political affiliations. Moreover, medieval chroniclers often relied on second-hand accounts of events, hearsay, and incomplete information, which could lead to differences in their interpretations of events. Perkins-11750 11:28, 21 April 2023 (UTC)
2. The solution to conflicting accounts in medieval chronicles is to examine multiple sources and perspectives in order to gain a more nuanced and comprehensive understanding of historical events. This involves analyzing the context in which the chroniclers wrote, as well as the reliability and biases of their sources. By comparing and contrasting different accounts of the same event, historians can identify areas of agreement and disagreement, and begin to piece together a more accurate and complete picture of what happened. Additionally, historians often look to other forms of evidence, such as archaeological remains, legal documents, and material culture, in order to corroborate or challenge the accounts presented in medieval chronicles. By triangulating multiple sources of evidence, historians can gain a more robust and accurate understanding of historical events, and can move beyond the biases and limitations of individual chronicles. ^[66]
3. The profile, Máel Coluim (Dunkeld) MacEth, attached as Alexander’s illegitimate son, cites no reliable sources and may be conflated with another person. Accordingly, this profile was detached and a new reliably sourced profile was created for this son. Perkins-11750 14:57, 9 July 2022 (UTC)
4. The profile, Unknown MacEth, attached as Alexander’s unknown mistress, cites no reliable sources. Accordingly, this profile was detached. Perkins-11750 14:57, 9 July 2022 (UTC)

Sources

1. ↑ Oram, Richard. David I: The King Who Made Scotland. Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, UK (2004, 2008), 25-26, citing, “…marriage of Maël Coluim and Margaret…their...sons were named Edward, Edmund, Aedelred, and Edgar…and Alexander…and David…”
2. ↑ ^{2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5} Richardson, Douglas SCOTLAND 1.v. Alexander I, King of Scots, Royal Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families, 5 vols., ed. Kimball G. Everingham (Salt Lake City: the author, 2013), vol. 4, 576-578.
3. ↑ ^{3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5} Cawley, Charles. Foundation for Medieval Genealogy: Medieval Lands Database. 6. Alexander
4. ↑ ^{4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3} Barrow, G.W.S. David I, King of Scots. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Online Edition (23 Sep 2004) rv 5 Jan 2006, available here by subscription.
5. ↑ Dunbar, Sir Archibald H. Scottish Kings: A Revised Chronology of Scottish History 1005-1625. Edinburgh: D. Douglas (1899), 58 .
6. ↑ ^{6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6} Dunbar, Sir Archibald H. Scottish Kings: A Revised Chronology of Scottish History 1005-1625. Edinburgh: D. Douglas (1899), 47-57.
7. ↑ ^{7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4} Paul, Sir James Balfour. The Scots Peerage; Founded on Wood’s Edition of Sir Robert Douglas’s Peerage of Scotland; Containing an Historical and Genealogical Account of the Nobility of That Kingdom. Edinburgh: D. Douglas (1904), vol. 1, 3.
8. ↑ Lang, Andrew M. Alexander I (d.1124), King of Scots. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press (2004), Alexander I
9. ↑ ^{9.0 9.1} Barrow, G.W.S. Kingship and Unity. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press (1981), repr. 2003, 37.
10. ↑ Cannon, John (Ed.). A Dictionary of British History, Alnwick, battle of, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press (2009), 18.
11. ↑ Robertson, Eben William, Scotland under her early kings; a history of the kingdom to the close of the thirteenth century, Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas (1862), vol. 1, 146.
12. ↑ Dunbar, Sir Archibald H. Scottish Kings: A Revised Chronology of Scottish History 1005-1625. Edinburgh: D. Douglas (1899), 30.
13. ↑ ^{13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4} Fordun, John. John of Fordun's Chronicle of the Scottish nation. Skene, William F. (ed). Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas (1872), bk. v.,179-215.
14. ↑ Duncan, A.A.M., Scotland, the Making of the Kingdom, Edinburgh History of Scotland, vol. 1, (Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd, 1975), 126.
15. ↑ ^{15.0 15.1 15.2} Clarkson, Tim, Strathclyde and the Anglo-Saxons in the Viking Age, Kindle edition, (Edinburgh: Birlinn, 2014), 243, 244. [Kindle].
16. ↑ Oram, Richard. David I: The King Who Made Scotland. Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, UK (2004, 2008), 48.
17. ↑ Oram, Richard, The Canmores; Kings and Queens of the Scots 1040-1290, (Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK: Tempus, 2002), 29-30.
18. ↑ Simeon of Durham, A History of The Kings of England, Translated from the Latin with preface and notes by the Rev. Joseph Stevenson, M.A. first published in 1855 in The Church Historians of England edited for Kindle by Linda Ellis (RenaissanceAlive.com, 2013), Loc 3797. [Kindle]
19. ↑ Woolf, Alex, From Pictland to Alba, AD 789-AD 1070, The New Edinburgh History of Scotland, Mason, Roger, gen. ed., (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2008), 75.
20. ↑ Anderson, Marjorie Ogilvie, Kings and Kingship in Early Scotland. (Edinburgh: Berlinn, 1973), 51.
21. ↑ Shepherd, Massey H., (1959). [Review of The Relics of Saint Cuthbert, by C. F. Battiscombe]. Speculum, 34(3), 445–448. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/2850822.
22. ↑ ^{22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4} Dalrymple, David. Annals of Scotland: From the Accession of Malcolm III in the Year MLVII to the Accession of the House of Stewart in the Year MCCCLXXI, to which are Added, Tracts Relative to the History and Antiquities of Scotland. United Kingdom: A. Constable (1819), 53-73.
23. ↑ Oram, Richard. David I: The King Who Made Scotland. Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, UK (2004, 2008), 77, 84, 87, 91.
24. ↑ Nicolas, Harris, Sir, The chronology of history. Containing tables, calculations & statements ... for ascertaining the dates of historical events, and of public and private documents, from the earliest periods to the present time. (London: Printed for Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans, 1838), 380
25. ↑ ^{25.0 25.1 25.2} Electricscotland, Significant Scots, Alexander, Kings I, II & III. Muskegon, MI: Electric Scotland USA LLC (2022), Alexander I.
26. ↑ Anderson, Allan Orr, Early Sources of Scottish History A.D 500 to 1286, (Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd, 1922), vol. 1, cxiii.
27. ↑ Carruthers, Bob, The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: Illustrated and Annotated (Military History from Primary Sources), Pen & Sword Military (Kindle) (2013), 332. [Kindle].
28. ↑ Duncan, A.A.M., Scotland, the Making of the Kingdom, Edinburgh History of Scotland, vol. 1, (Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd, 1975), 128.
29. ↑ Oram, Richard. David I: The King Who Made Scotland. Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, UK (2004, 2008), 63-66.
30. ↑ Hollister, C. Warren, Henry I, Kindle edition, (New Haven and New York: Yale University Press, 2003), 42, citing, “while his daughters, through their marriages, cemented alliances with a number of princes whose lands bordered and often shielded Henry's Anglo-Norman dominion—lords of such importance as Alexander king of Scots, Conan duke of Brittany, and Rotrou count of Perche. Henry's flock of bastard daughters, in short, offered a uniquely effective means of sealing valuable alliances with princes just below the level of a count of Anjou or a German emperor, for whom a legitimate daughter was the appropriate mate. And his bastard sons could be entrusted with vast lands and power such as to make them highly effective and loyal supporters, bound by gratitude to their father and his policies and likely to support rather than challenge the succession of a legitimate heir.” [Kindle].
31. ↑ Oram, Richard. David I: The King Who Made Scotland. Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, UK (2004, 2008), 112.
32. ↑ Henry Project: The Ancestors of King Henry II of England, Baldwin, Stewart, ed., Farmerie, Todd, ed., Cináed mac Ailpín (Kenneth I, (Online https://fasg.org/projects/henryproject/, 2001), citing, “the case making Sibyl, Queen of Scotland a daughter of Sibyl is a weak onomastic argument.” Sibyl (Corbet?).
33. ↑ Henry Project: The Ancestors of King Henry II of England, Baldwin, Stewart, ed., Farmerie, Todd, ed., Cináed mac Ailpín (Kenneth I, (Online https://fasg.org/projects/henryproject/, 2001), citing, “White attributes her as a daughter of Sibyl Corbet, but as Thompson points out, without sufficient evidence.” Sibyl.
34. ↑ ^{34.0 34.1} William of Malmesbury; Sharpe, John; Giles, John Allen, William of Malmesbury's Chronicle of the kings of England. From the earliest period to the reign of King Stephen (De gestis regum Anglorum), (London: H. G. Bohn, 1847), citing, “Henry made affinity with Alexander [Edgar’s] successor, giving him his illegitimate daughter in marriage; by whom he had no issue that I know of; and when she died, he did not much lament her loss; for there was, as they affirm, some defect about the lady, either in correctness of manners, or elegance of person.” 434.
35. ↑ Ordericus Vitalis (1075-1143), The ecclesiastical history of England and Normandy, (London: H.G. Bohn, 1853), vol. III, 14.
36. ↑ Oram, Richard, Domination and Lordship, Scotland 1070-1230, Kindle edition, (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2011). loc. 1305. [Kindle]. citing, "In 1114, however, Alexander served in Henry’s north Welsh campaign, possibly to regain favour after the crisis of the previous year and possibly signalling that he had been required to make a more formal demonstration of his acceptance of English lordship in 1113. Alexander’s marriage to Henry’s bastard daughter, Sibylla, may also have been arranged around this time, perhaps to sweeten the bitterness of his capitulation over David’s inheritance. Rather than being a disparagement of Alexander’s kingship, marriage to one of Henry’s many illegitimate children was a mark of favour and distinction which signalled the importance of the husband in Henry’s schemes."
37. ↑ Oram, Richard D., The Lordship of Galloway, Kindle edition, (Edinburgh: Birlinn, 2000), 132. [Kindle], citing, "A similar function can be attributed to the marriage of Sibylla to Alasdair mac Máel Coluim, which underscored both the formal dependence of the Scottish king on Henry and the already close ties that existed between their families."
38. ↑ Oram, Richard, The Kings & Queens of Scotland, Kindle edition, (Gloucestershire, UK: The History Press, 2004), 81. [Kindle].
39. ↑ Bower, Walter, Scotichronicon, Edited by D. E. R. Watt, 9 vols. Vol. 8. (Aberdeen: The Spalding Club, 1987), 363.
40. ↑ Oram, Richard. David I: The King Who Made Scotland. Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, UK (2004, 2008), 71.
41. ↑ Electricscotland,Lairds and Lands of Loch Tayside, Balloch, Etc., (Muskegon, MI: Electric Scotland USA LLC, 2022), citing, “By charter signed at Stirling, he granted the island to the Monks of Scone, and here he founded the Priory of Loch Tay. The charter was to the following effect:—“Alexander by the grace of God, King of the Scots, to the Bishops and Earls, and to all faithful of the whole of Scotland, health. I make it known to you that, for the honour of God and S. Mary, and all the saints, I have given for myself, and for the soul of Queen Sybilla, the Island of Loch Tay, in perpetual possession, with all the rights pertaining to the same island, to Holy Trinity of Scoon, and to the Brotherhood serving God there by Monastic Rule, so that a church of God be built there for me, and for the soul of the Queen there deceased, and that this I grant to them for the present, until I shall have given them some other augmentation, so that that place may be renowned for its service to God. Herbert, Chancellor, witness at Stirling.” “Lairds and Lands of Loch Tayside, Balloch, Etc.”.
42. ↑ People of Medieval Scotland (PoMS), Document 1/3/7 (Scone Lib., no. 2), (London, Glasgow, Edinburgh: People of Medieval Scotland, 2010), Charter.
43. ↑ Lawrie, Archibald Campbell, Early Scottish Charters Prior to A.D. 1153 : With Notes and an Index, Kindle Edition, (Miami: Hardpress Publishing, 2022), 42, citing “Grant by King Alexander I. of the island of Loch Tay to the Canons of Scon, circadian A.D. 1122. Liber Ecco. S. Trin. de Scon, No. 2."
44. ↑ Roberts, John Lenox, Lost Kingdoms: Celtic Scotland and the Middle Ages, (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1997), vii.
45. ↑ Oram, Richard. David I: The King Who Made Scotland. Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, UK (2004, 2008), 29, citing, “As Turgot makes clear, Margaret literally had the fear of God thrashed into her children...'he who spares the rod, hates his son'"
46. ↑ Turgot, Bishop of St Andrews, Life of Margaret, Queen of Scotland, (Edinburgh: W. Paterson, 1884), citing, “The zeal of God's house (that is, of the Church) had so consumed her [St Margaret] that with apostolic faith she laboured to root up all weeds which had lawlessly sprung up therein. Observing that many practices existed among the Scottish nation which were contrary to the rule of the right faith and the holy customs of the universal Church, she caused frequent councils to be held, in order that by some means or other she might, through the gift of Christ, bring back into the way of truth those who had gone astray.” 43-44.
47. ↑ Turgot, Bishop of St Andrews, Life of Margaret, Queen of Scotland, (Edinburgh: W. Paterson, 1884), citing, “It is owing in great measure to this virtuous education given by Margaret to her sons that Scotland was governed for the space of 200 years, by seven excellent kings, that is, by her three sons, Edgar, Alexander, David, by David's two grandsons, Malcolm IV. and William, and William's son and grandson, Alexander II. and III. ; during which space the nation enjoyed greater happiness than perhaps it ever did before or after. (Cf. Mr Innes, " Sketches of Scottish History," p. 158 ; Mr Hill Burton, " History of Scot- land," vol. ii. pp. 1 90- 1 98 ; Mr Robertson, " Scotland under her Early Kings," vol. ii. pp. 171-180.)” 35.
48. ↑ Catholic Encyclopedia, Hunter-Blair, Oswald. Saint Andrews and Edinburgh. Vol. 13. (New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912), citing, “The death of Fothad II (1093) marks the close of the first period of the history of the see, of which scanty records and still scantier material traces remain. The English influence on Scottish national life, both ecclesiastical and civil, which followed the marriage of St. Margaret, great-niece of Edward the Confessor, to the King of Scots in 1069, had as one of its results the nomination of Turgot (Margaret's former confessor) to the See of St. Andrews. He was succeeded by Eadmer, a Benedictine monk of Canterbury; and Eadmer by Robert, a canon regular of St. Augustine, who founded at St. Andrews in 1144 the cathedral priory for canons of his own order.” Saint Andrews.
49. ↑ Duncan, A.A.M., The Kingship of the Scots 842–1292: Succession and Independence. Kindle edition, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, (2002), chap. 5, 130. [Kindle}.
50. ↑ Turgot, Bishop of St. Andrews, Theodericus (Monk of Durham), Forbes-Leith, William, Life of St. Margaret Queen of Scotland, (Edinburgh: W. Paterson, 1884), citing,” Turgot, Prior of Durham, was consecrated Bishop of St Andrews at York on the 1st August 1109; he died on 31st of August 1115.” 16.
51. ↑ Hunter-Blair, Oswald. Saint Andrews and Edinburgh. The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 13. New York: Robert Appleton Company (1912), Saint Andrews.
52. ↑ Anderson, Marjorie Ogilvie]. Kings and Kingship in Early Scotland. (Edinburgh: Berlinn, 1973), 51.
53. ↑ Duncan, A.A.M., Scotland, the Making of the Kingdom, Edinburgh History of Scotland, vol. 1, (Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd, 1975), 129-130.
54. ↑ Chalmers, George. Caledonia, Or an Account, Historical and Topographic, of North Britain, from the Most Ancient to the Present Times, Vol. 1 (Paisley: A. Gardner, 1887), 438.
55. ↑ Oram, Richard. David I: The King Who Made Scotland. Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, UK (2004, 2008), 145.
56. ↑ ^{56.0 56.1} Lawrie, Archibald, Early Scottish Charters Prior to A.D. 1143, (Glasgow: J. MacLehose, 1905), 180-181. citing, “During a considerable portion of Eadmer's nominal incumbency the See of St. Andrews was vacant. Indeed for the greater portion of the time since its foundation it had been vacant. Upon the death of Eadmer, however, another election was made, when the choice fell upon Robert Prior of Scone. The Scottish clergy and people had nothing to do with the election, which was entirely a matter of Alexander the fierce himself. Truly there never was a man more fit to bring about a revolution in church and state than this king, with his impetuosity and strength of will! The king and his wife had founded a monastery of canons regular of St. Augustine, at Scone, and had supplied it with monks from St. Oswald's, near Pontefract, — the first sethttps://archive.org/details/earlyscottishchu00macl/page/397/mode/1up?tlement of any foreign order north of the Forth ; and here again the ancient Celtic Church did not afford the inmates; they were drawn from England.“ 397.
57. ↑ Duncan, A.A.M., Scotland, the Making of the Kingdom, Edinburgh History of Scotland, vol. 1, (Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd, 1975), 130.
58. ↑ McDonald, R. Andrew. Outlaws of Medieval Scotland: Challenges to the Canmore Kings, 1058–1266. Tuckwell Press, East Linton, (2003).127
59. ↑ Andrew of Wyntoun, The Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland, (Edinburgh: William Paterson, 1879), 332.
60. ↑ Richardson, Douglas, SIBYL OF ENGLAND, Royal Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families, 5 vols., ed. Kimball G. Everingham (Salt Lake City: the author, 2013), vol. 1, 17-18.
61. ↑ Parry, Sir Thomas, GRUFFUDD ap CYNAN (c. 1055 - 1137), king of Gwynedd. Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, Wales: Dictionary of Welsh Biography (1959), GRUFFUDD ap CYNAN.
62. ↑ ^{62.0 62.1} Rud, Thomas. Codicum Manuscriptorum Ecclesiae Cathedralis Dunelmensis. (1825), Monachi & alii Quorum in Margine Matyrologii: VII. Kal. Maii. [25 Apr]: "Ob. Alexander Rex Scottorum et Soror ejus Matildis Regina Anglorum...", 215.
63. ↑ Anderson, Marjorie Ogilvie, Kings and Kingship in Early Scotland. (Edinburgh: Berlinn, 1973), 213, 277, 284, 289.
64. ↑ Carruthers, Bob, The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: Illustrated and Annotated (Military History from Primary Sources), Pen & Sword Military (Kindle) (2013), 350. [Kindle].
65. ↑ Rampini, Charles, A history of Moray and Nairn, (Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood, 1797), 44.
66. ↑ Treharne, Elaine and Greg Walker, eds., Historiography and the Chroniclers, In The Oxford Handbook of Medieval Literature in English, 2nd ed., (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), 25-41.

See also:

• Goodey, Emma. Alexander I (r.1107-1124). The Royal Family. London: The Royal Household (2016). Alexander I (r.1107-1124)
• Wikipedia contributors, Alexander I of Scotland, (Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 2023), Alexander I of Scotland
• Wikipedia contributors, House of Dunkeld, (Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 2023), House of Dunkeld