Arnolf[1] was an extramarital son of Karlmann, King of the East Franks. His birth is estimated around 850, possibly in Carinthia, however, Heinz Dopsch argues for the possibility of Bavaria, perhaps Regensburg.[2] In 876 he received the prefecture of Pannonia and the Mark Karantania (the historic name of modern Carinthia) from his father, lands he inherited after the death of his father in 880. Sometime in November of 887 he overthrew emperor Karl III as king of Eastern Francia. Karl's last document was dated 17 Nov 887 (but subsequently falsified in the 12th century)[3] and Arnolf's first 27 Nov 887.[4] Arnolf had at least three concubines with whom he had two sons, Zwentibold and Ratold, and two daughters, Ellinrat and one unnamed in the known documents.[5] He married Oda, historically assumed to be a member of the Konradiner family,[6][7] around 888 or shortly before.[8] Other autors question her membership in the Konradiner family.[9] Arnolf died most likely 08 Dec 899 in Regensburg, although numerous other dates have been found in various necrologies.[10]
↑ Vorwort der Herausgeber. In: Franz Fuchs, Peter Schmid (Hrsg.): Kaiser Arnolf. Das ostfränkische Reich am Ende des 9. Jahrhunderts. Regensburger Kolloquium 9.–11.12.1999. München 2002, S. VI.: about 90% of his royal documents use the name "Arnolf", 6% "Arnulf", the remaining 4% use "Arnolf" in the intitulatio and "Arnulf" in the subscripto.
↑ Heinz Dopsch: Arnolf und der Südosten – Karantinien, Mähren, Ungarn. In: Franz Fuchs, Peter Schmid (Hrsg.): Kaiser Arnolf. Das ostfränkische Reich am Ende des 9. Jahrhunderts. Regensburger Kolloquium 9.–11.12.1999. München 2002, S. 150f
↑ Eduard Hlawitschka: Die Ahnen der hochmittelalterlichen deutschen Könige, Kaiser und ihrer Gemahlinnen. Hahnsche Buchhandlung, Hannover 2006; Adelheid Krah: Uta (Oda, Ota). In: Lexikon des Mittelalters (LexMA). Band 8, LexMA-Verlag, München 1997, cited in German Wikipedia Oda (Ostfrankenreich)
↑ Matthias Becher: Zwischen König und „Herzog“. Sachsen unter Kaiser Arnolf. In: Franz Fuchs, Peter Schmid (Hrsg.): Kaiser Arnolf. Das ostfränkische Reich am Ende des 9. Jahrhunderts. Regensburger Kolloquium 9.–11.12.1999. München 2002, pp. 89–121, here p. 91
↑ Timothy Reuter: Der Uota-Prozeß. In: Franz Fuchs, Peter Schmid (Hrsg.): Kaiser Arnolf. Das ostfränkische Reich am Ende des 9. Jahrhunderts. Regensburger Kolloquium 9.–11.12.1999. München 2002, pp. 253–270, here p. 257; Donald C. Jackman: The Konradiner. A Study in Genealogical Methodology. Frankfurt am Main 1990, pp. 135–139.
↑ Franz Fuchs: Arnolfs Tod, Begräbnis und Memoria. In: Franz Fuchs, Peter Schmid (Hrsg.): Kaiser Arnolf. Das ostfränkische Reich am Ende des 9. Jahrhunderts. Regensburger Kolloquium 9.–11.12.1999. München 2002, pp. 416–434, here p. 425
"Arnulf, Holy Roman emperor." Encyclopedia Brittanica. Web.[17]
Arnulf was, according to most sources, the illegitimate son of Carloman, King of Bavaria, and his concubine Liutswind, perhaps of Carantanian origin, and possibly the sister of Ernst, Count of the Bavarian Nordgau Margraviate in the area of the Upper Palatinate, or perhaps the burgrave of Passau, as some sources say. After Arnulf's birth, Carloman married, before 861, a daughter of that same Count Ernst, who died after August 8, 879. As it is mainly West-Franconian historiography that speaks of Arnulf's illegitimacy, it is quite feasible that the two females are one and the same person and that Carloman later on actually married Liutswind, thus legitimizing his son.
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