Stephen Pearl Andrews (1812 - 1886)

Born 22 Mar 1812 in Templeton, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States

Ancestors

Died 21 May 1886 at age 74 in Bronx, Bronx, New York, United States

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Biography

Stephen Pearl Andrews was an American individualist anarchist, linguist, political philosopher, outspoken abolitionist, and author. ^{[1] [2]} He was also a lawyer, ^[3] lecturer, and reformer. ^[4] He was passionate about nearly every cause espoused during the mid-1800's, ^[4] a time of reform and abolition, including the labor movement, phonology, languages, Fourierism, phrenology, spiritualism, women's suffrage, free love, hydrotherapy, Psychometry (as practiced by Joseph Rodes Buchanan), temperance, and Swedenborgianism, as well as his own original contributions of Pantarchy and Universology, including the Alwato language created by Pearl Andrews. ^{[1] [4]} He also taught himself more than thirty-two languages. ^[1] He was elected an Associate Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1846. ^[1] Pearl was the first to publish Karl Marx's "Communist Manifesto" in the United States. ^[1]

Stephen Pearl Andrews was born in 1812 in the small town of Templeton, Massachusetts, the youngest of the renowned Baptist clergyman and revivalist, Reverend Elisha Andrews, and his wife, Ann Lathrop's eight children. ^{[1] [4]} When he was about four years old, the family moved a few miles north to Hinsdale, New Hampshire, where he grew up. ^{[1] [5]} He was a graduate of Amherst College in Massachusetts. ^[4] He then, with an older sister moved to Louisiana ^[1] to join two brothers who were already living there. ^[5] One brother had established a school in Jackson, Louisiana for the daughters of the wealthy and the other brother was a practicing attorney. ^[5] By this time the school was being run by his widowed sister-in-law so he took a job teaching and studied law with his brother in his spare time. ^[5] After a couple of years he was admitted to practice law in Louisiana. ^[1]

After a couple of years, he removed to New Orleans to practice law, ^[4] where he met his wife and married about 1835. His wife, Mary Ann Gordon, was from Norwich, Connecticut. ^{[citation needed]} Around 1839 the family removed to Texas. ^{[4] [5]} Pearl often gave lectures regarding abolition which made him unpopular in the slave-holding territory. He and his wife were forced to flee in for their lives in 1843 through swamp country back to Louisiana. ^{[1] [4] [5]} He then traveled to England which was pro-abolition to try to raise funds for that cause, but he was unsuccessful. ^[1] It was here that he became enamored of Sir Isaac Pitman's new shorthand style. When he returned to the United States he taught this new system and wrote a series of instruction books. ^{[1] [4]}

Pearl was hired by Horace Greeley to cover news stories for his New York Tribune, but they soon fell out over Pearl's anarchistic and Utopian ideology. ^[4] Near the end of the 1840's Pearl was focussed on creating utopian communities. In 1851, he and another famous individual anarchist, Josiah Warren, created a community they called Modern Times, located in present day Brentwood, in the center of Long Island, New York. ^[1] Modern Times was a "village founded on the principles of Equitable Commerce and unfettered individuality." ^[4] Equitable Commerce roughly meant that the value of labor was measured in how difficult the work was rather than what the work was worth to the employer. Modern Times disbanded in 1857 and was renamed Brentwood in 1864. ^[4] In 1855 he established Brownstone Utopia or Unitary Home in New York City. ^{[1] [4]} It was a communal hotel or boarding house for individual sovereigns. ^[4]

Later, he worked to make Victoria Woodhull a candidate for President of the United States as he was a supporter of women's suffrage. ^[4] He was published in journal's such as "Popular Science News and the Truth Seeker. He also organized meetings known as the Colloquium. ^[4] They were for the interchange of ideas regarding religious, philosophical, and political views. ^[4]

Birth

22 March 1812, Templeton, Massachusetts.

Parents: Reverend Elisha Andrews and Ann Lathrop.

Death

21 May 1886, New York, New York. ^[3]

Burial: Woodlawn Cemetery, Bronx, New York. ^[6]

Marriage

• 1st marriage - Mary Ann Gordon, from Norwich, Connecticut. ^[5] They met when she was a student at the Jackson Female Seminary and he a young teacher. His biographer, Madeleine Stern, calls her "her husband's faithful aide, housekeeper, and eventually the mother of his sons." ^[5]
• 2nd marriage - 1 January 1857, Springfield, Massachusetts to Esther B. Jones, daughter of James Hussey (her second marriage as well). ^[7]

Children:

• Dr. Charles L. Andrews.

Sources

1. ↑ ^{1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13} Stephen Pearl Andrews on Wikipedia
2. ↑ Stephen Pearl Andrews on Geneastar
3. ↑ ^{3.0 3.1} Kim Barghouti, compiler. Lippincott's Pronouncing Biographical Dictionary, University of Nevada, Reno Library. Philadelphia, PA, USA: J.B. Lippincott, Joseph Thomas M. D. LL. D, 1890. Ancestry.com. (US & British Isle, Joseph Thomas Biographical Dictionary, 1890 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2001).
4. ↑ ^{4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16} The Vault at Pfaff's, An Archive of Art and Literature by the Bohemians of Antebellum New York.
5. ↑ ^{5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7} Mises Institute, 35 Years of Austrian Economics, Freedom, & Peace
6. ↑ Find A Grave: Memorial #41083662 retrieved 15 May 2017
7. ↑ Massachusetts Vital Records, 1840–1911. New England Historic Genealogical Society (NEGHS), Boston, Massachusetts. Ancestry.com. (Massachusetts, Marriage Records, 1840-1915 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2013).

Works by Stephen Pearl Andrews

• Love, marriage, and divorce and the sovereignity of the individual (opening chapter)
• The Science of Society
• The Primary Synopsis of Universology and Alwato (Pronounced ahl-wa-to), The New Scientific Universal Language