Eureka Rebellion
- Profile
- Images
Date:
1854
to
1855
Location: Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
Location: Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
This page has been accessed 4,508 times.
|
| The Southern Cross, flag of the Eureka Stockade Rebels |
Leading up to 3 December 1854 gold miners in Ballarat, Victoria, Australia, protested against the perceived oppression of the British colonial authority being exerted at the diggings. This became known as the Eureka Rebellion or the Eureka Stockade.
The Eureka Stockade [1], was one of the most significant events in Australia. Historians point to it as a key event in the development of democracy in Australia. This early popular uprising led to the democratic system Australians enjoy today.
We swear by the Southern Cross to stand truly by each other and fight to defend our rights and liberties! —The diggers' oath, 30 November 1854.
The gold rushes brought many immigrants to Australia from the British Isles, continental Europe, North America and China. The Colony of Victoria's population grew rapidly, from 76,000 in 1850 to 530,000 by 1859[2]. Discontent arose amongst diggers almost immediately, particularly on the crowded Victorian fields. The causes of this were the colonial government's administration of the diggings and the gold licence system. Following a number of protests and petitions for reform, violence erupted at Ballarat in late 1854. Early on the morning of Sunday 3 December 1854, British soldiers and Police attacked a stockade built on the 'Eureka lead' holding some of the aggrieved diggers. In a short fight, 20 miners were killed and an unknown number wounded[3]. O'Brien lists 5 soldiers of the 12th and 40th Regiments killed and 12 wounded[4]. Blinded by his fear of agitation with democratic overtones, local Commissioner Robert Rede had felt "it was absolutely necessary that a blow should be struck" against the miners[5]. But a few months later, a Royal commission made sweeping changes to the administration of Victoria's goldfields. Its recommendations included the abolition of the licence, reforms to the police force and voting rights for miners holding a Miner's Right[6]. The Eureka Flag that was used to represent the Ballarat miners has been seriously considered by some as an alternative to the Australian flag, because of its controversial association with democratic developments[7].
The incident at the ‘Eureka Stockade’ faded into obscurity. But years later its memory was progressively characterised as a stand by Australians for democratic rights and independence which is now rooted in national folk lore [8].
In the 1890s, visiting author Mark Twain characterised the battle at Eureka as "The finest thing in Australasian history. It was a revolution-small in size, but great politically; it was a strike for liberty, a struggle for principle, a stand against injustice and oppression...it is another instance of a victory won by a lost battle." [9].
Alternatively, in 1999, the then Premier of New South Wales, Bob Carr, dismissed the Eureka Stockade as a "protest without consequence"[10]. During the 2004 Australian federal election, Deputy Prime Minister John Anderson stated his view that "I think people have tried to make too much of the Eureka Stockade...trying to give it a credibility and standing that it probably doesn't enjoy."[11]"[12]
Peter Lalor [13], the leader of the rebellion, later went on to become a member of parliament.
The term digger went on to become the name used for Australian Soldiers, embodying the principles of mateship adapted by the "diggers" at the Eureka Stockade.
|
| Eureka Stockade battle |
|
| Eureka Stockade |
Contents |
Participants
- See Eureka Rebellion participants which includes notes about role played
- Obituaries of Eureka veterans. In some cases the claim to being a rebel can be quite spurious, however, for the moment we take them at face value: Eureka rebellion obituaries
- Those who participated in the 50th anniversary : Eureka 50th anniversary
Military
In 1854 the (12th) regiment sailed for Australia and remained there, and in Tasmania, until 1860 when it went to New Zealand to help put down the Maori Rebellion[14].
The 40th had arrived in Australia in 1852 under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Thomas James Valiant and had detachments widely dispersed in Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia[15].
- The Soldiers posted to Ballarat to quell the Eureka Rebellion 1854:
Naval reinforcements
"Governor Hotham was concerned that the revolt may spread to Melbourne, so he organised naval reinforcements to assist the military and the police. Two officers and seventeen seamen from the HMS Fantome, with the ship's six pounder field piece (cannon) as well as two officers, seventeen seamen and six pounder field pieces were sent from the HMS Electra to Ballarat. "[16]
- HMS Fantome (1839) was a 16-gun Acorn-class brig-sloop launched in 1839 and sold in 1864.
- HMS Electra (1837) was an 18-gun sloop launched in 1837 and sold in 1862.
Both naval ships were berthed in Port Phillip Bay at the time of Eureka Stockade.[17][18]
Persons Who Fought and Fell
There are a number of memorials including graves at Ballarat Old Cemetery: Eureka rebellion memorials
|
| 1923 Memorial Stone |
|
| Eureka Monument |
- Sortable Table of graves
The type column key is: S=Soldier/military, R=Rebel, O=Other
| last name | first name | age December 1854 | died | Type | burial; place of origin |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diggers | |||||
| Emmermann | Wilhelm | R | Bur. unknown; Petersburg, Germany | ||
| Diamond | Martin | 23 | 3Dec1854 | R | Bur. Old Ballaarat; County Clare, Ireland |
| O'Neill | Thomas | 30 | 3 Dec 1854 | R | Bur. Old Ballaarat; From Kilkenny, Ireland |
| Donaghey | George | 25 | 3Dec1854 | R | Bur. Old Ballaarat; Muff, Co. Donegal, Ire |
| Clifton | W | R | |||
| Quin | Edward | 35 | 3Dec1854 | R | Bur. Old Ballaarat; County Cavan, Ireland |
| Quinlan | William | 3Dec1854 | R | Bur. Old Ballaarat; Goulbourn, NSW | |
| Hafele | John | R | Bur. unknown; a blacksmith from Württemberg, Germany OR | ||
| Henfeld | Thomas | R | Bur. unknown; a blacksmith from Württemberg, Germany | ||
| Crow | John | 30 | 3Dec1854 | R | Bur. Old Ballaarat; Origin unknown |
| Moore | Thadeus | 21 | 3Dec1854 | R | Bur. Geelong; County Clare, Ireland |
| Brown | James | 29 | Dec 1854 | R | wounded died later; bur. unk.; Newry, Ireland |
| Ross | Charles Lt/Capt | 27 | 5Dec1854 | R | Bur. Old Ballaarat; Canada |
| Robertson | John | 25 | 3Dec1854 | R | Bur. Old Ballaarat; Scotland |
| Fenton | ? | R | wounded died later; unknown origins | ||
| McGlynn | Edward | 36 | 3Dec1854 | R | Bur. Old Ballaarat; Ireland |
| Hynes | John | 30 | 3Dec1854 | R | Bur. Old Ballaarat; Co. Clare, Ireland |
| Gittins | Patrick | 32 | 3Dec1854 | R | Bur. Old Ballaarat; Kilkenny, Ireland |
| Mullins | T | 28 | 3Dec1854 | R | Bur. Old Ballaarat; Kilkenny, Limerick Ireland |
| Green | Samuel | R | Bur. Unknown; England | ||
| Julien | Robert | 34 | 14Jan1855 | R | Bur. Old Ballaarat; Nova Scotia, Canada |
| Thonen | Edward | 24 | 3Dec1854 | R | Bur. Old Ballaarat; A Prussian from Elberfeld, Germany (the lemonade man) |
| Parker | Thomas | 30 | 3Dec1854 | R | Bur. Old Ballaarat; was a blacksmith. Died at age 30 years. |
| Hassle | J | R | |||
| Coxhead | Frederick | 22 | 1856 | R | wounded, died 1856 as consequence of wounds; burial unknown; lawyers clerk from London, England |
| Soldiers | |||||
| Wise | Capt Henry Christopher | 26 | 21 Dec 1854 | S | Bur. Old Ballaarat; 40th Regiment |
| Webb | Priv. William | 29 | 5 Dec1854 | S | Bur. Old Ballaarat; 12th Regiment |
| Roney | Priv Michael | 21 | 3Dec1854 | S | Bur. Old Ballaarat; 40th Regiment |
| Wall | Priv Joseph | 20 | 3Dec1854 | S | 40th Regiment |
| Boyle | Priv Felix | 32 | 10 Jan 1855 | S | Bur. Old Ballaarat; 12th Regiment |
| Other Innocent Deaths | |||||
| Powell | Henry | O | was an innocent victim. Visiting from Creswick. https://ballaratheritage.com.au/article/eurekas-fallen/ | ||
| Rollands | Llewellyn | c1822 | c1855 | O | was an innocent victim. Deliberately shot by a trooper. https://ballaratheritage.com.au/article/eurekas-fallen/ |
- Death records for those who fell around the time of Eureka Stockade retrieved from the Registry of Births, Deaths and Marriages Victoria https://my.rio.bdm.vic.gov.au/
"The 27 names from registration number 3240 to 3266, were entered consecutively in the Victorian Death Register and occupy almost six pages in the original register held at the Registry of Births Deaths and Marriages at 295 Queen Street, Melbourne. The reason that they were registered on the 20 June 1855, almost seven months after the Eureka Riots, is not known.Those not found in the Death Registrations but are reported as dead in various other references were: Captain Littlehales (12th Regiment), John Hall, Joseph Little, Alfred Bryant, William Simpson Hardie, Fenton, Samuel Green, John Hafele, Joseph Watts, and Denis O’Brien."[22]
Note: Capt Littlehales succumbed to 'Dysentry' shortly after the Eureka Stockade Attack (not a death due to the rebellion)[23]
- Defenders
- Wilhelm Emmermann 3240/1855
- Edward Thonen 3242/1855
- Thomas Henfeld 3243/1855 Birthplace; WURT. Aged 28 years.
- Henry Ross 3244/1855
- John Hynes 3245/1855
- Patrick Gittins 3246/1855
- Unknown male Mullins 3247/1855
- George Donaghey 3248/185550
- Martin Diamond 3249/1855
- James Brown 3250/1855 age 29 from Ireland
- Edward Quin 3252/1855
- William Quinlan 3253/1855 n 3242/1855
- Thadeus Moore 3254/1855
- John Crow 3255/1855
- Thomas O'Neill 3256/1855
- John Robertson 3257/1855 from 'PERT'
- Edward McGlynn 3258/1855 from Tipperary
- Robert Julien 3265/1855
- George Clifton 3266/1855 Age 32
- Thomas Parker 3259/1855 Aged 30 years.
- Soldiers
- Henry Christopher Wise 3260/1855
- Michael Roney 3261/1855 from Ireland
- Joseph Walt 3262/1855 Age 20
- William Webb 3263/1855 Age 19
- Felix Boyle 3264/1855 from 'MONA'
- Others
- Henry Powell 3241/1855
- Rowland Llewellyn 3251/1855 Aged 33 years Birthpalce; Wales, UK
Arrests and trials
- Eureka Report of the Board appointed to Enquire into Circumstances Connected with the Late Disturbance at Ballarat
- Eureka arrests
- Eureka State Trials
- Eureka State Trials - Juries
High court trial witness list; https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/154851351#
"... The following is the formidable array of legal talent engaged" for the defence.ref;Supreme Court - January 16th 1885 published The Age newspaper (Melbourne, Vic. : 1854 - 1954), Wed 17 Jan 1855, page 5. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/154851992/18209749
Timeline of events
Please use this timeline as a worksheet; It's to gather the names of those connected with Eureka Stockade (& to place the names & events into accurate chronological order)
1788
The colony of New South Wales founded & first fleet arrives with convicts under guard of British 'Marines'. (one assumes they were required to provide the military might for general Law & Order across the colony).
The position of 'Governor of New South Wales' is created. It was THE top ranking position in (New South Wales) Australia. The appointment of Governor granted autocratic rule over the colony. Orders had the power of law (this autocratic rule was reduced in scope after 1821).
1789
The 'New South Wales Corps' was formed in England in 1789 as a permanent regiment of the British Army to relieve the marines who had accompanied the First Fleet.
1809
The Corps was reformed into the 102nd Regiment of Foot. Thereafter these Army Regiments were regularly replaced.
1851
- -Discovery of Gold in Ballarat. Between 1851-1854 Victoria's population quadruples. (One source claims the discovery to be as late as 1853[24])
- -1 July Act of parliament/Proclaiming the 'colony of Victoria' separate from New South Wales. (The right to vote or elect government did not exist).
- - The former Superintendant of the Port Phillip District of New South Wales is appointed the first Lieutenant-Governor of the Colony of Victoria (Charles La Trobe).
- -La Trobe introduces a mining licensing system.
- -1st September First Victorian mining licence issued. 30 shillings per month. Miners required by law to buy a licence and carry it with them at all times, or face a fine and arrest.
- - Miners had to pay for a licence to be able to mine for gold but they were unable to claim the land on which they worked, and so could be (and sometimes were) relocated at a moment's notice[25]. Miner(s) could be working a rich mine & be assigned another mine site to work. There was no right to appeal a decision.
- -To encourage strict adherance of the mine licence policy; the Police are awarded/receive half the income that they gather from fines (fines of those found in breach of mine licence policy).
1852
- -The new Colony of Victoria recognises their revenues will not cover required expenditure.
- - Miners in Victoria are treated as the new lower class to be used for the benefit of the Authorities and were treated with disdain with impunity (the miners still had no right to vote yet)
- -Establishment of Victorian Police Force "from an existing colonial police force of 875 men"[26].
- -First Chief Commissioner of Victoria Police appointed. Chief Commissioner William Henry Fancourt Mitchell.
- -19th October 40th Regiment posted to Victoria, arrival at Melbourne (they remain until 1860, where they are posted to New Zealand to fight in the Maori Wars)[27]
1853
- -Police “licence raids” at the diggings become more frequent and more punitive; in response the diggers became more militant.
- -19th February Newspaper publishes an open letter addressed to all Miners throughout Victoria discussing the oppressive behaviour being conducted by Police in the gold fields & the disgrace that must be felt by miners for NOT having access to recourse in law. Discussing the need to rise up against the oppression[28]
- -25th November Mitchell appoints Charles McMahon Assistant Commissioner of Police[29]. McMahon (an ex-British military man) heavily arms Gold Fields Police (with firearms, swords, bayonets and batons) and permits an oppressive style of policing to be practiced. The carrying of such weapons was not seen anywhere else in the Australian colony.
1854
- - 31st January Mitchell resigns and is replaced by Charles McMahon as Chief Commissioner of Police.
- -May Lieutenant-Governor Charles La Trobe resigns in despair at the “atmosphere of insurrection” in the goldfields.
- -1 June Hotham is appointed the new Lieutenant Governor.
- -Still Government revenues do not cover that required (predicted deficit for 1854 was £2 million). Income from the mining boom/licences had been expected to fill the shortfall.
- -Police “licence raids” at the diggings became more frequent and more punitive. In response the diggers became more militant.
- -Miners call on Lieutenant-Governor Hotham to reduce licence fees or remove licences altogether
- -In response, Hotham INCREASES licence checks to twice weekly.
- -Continuing & growing unrest at the Diggings where police are being pelted with rocks, verbally abused, & guns are being fired over Police heads.
- -7th October Saturday around 2 a.m. miner James Scobie dies of wounds & his friend Peter Martin is badly beaten in a fight with Eureka Hotel owners (the Bentleys) & staff (a short distance away from the Bentley's Eureka Hotel). The fight resulted from being refused after-hours service at the hotel. At the fight were James Bentley (owner, Eureka Hotel), Catherine Bentley (wife), William Henry Hance (staff) and Thomas Farrell (staff).
- - A mother & 10 year old boy named 'Walshe' (assumed this is their family name) who lived in a tent opposite the hotel rear, heard both the party of 2 miners & party of 4 from Hotel go past & saw the party of 4 return after, into the hotel [30].
- -"Later that same morning Dr James Stewart performed an inquest into Scobie's death with an open verdict returned. Even though most believed James Bentley had killed Scobie"[31]. (Research needed on the date) Stewart claimed the fight injuries were inconsistent with Scobie's death.
- -An inquest into Scobie's death was held the same afternoon. At the inquest, the hotel keeper, James Bentley, and his staff denied taking part in the death, despite a sound case against them[32].
- -"The only evidence brought forward to exonerate the Hotel's 4 was that of the men named George Bassar, Everett Gud, and Henry Green". Henry Green was a long time resident of the hotel[33]
- -8th October Sunday. Miners request a second inquest of Scobie's death.
- -9th October Monday. The 4 from the Hotel are taken into custody on suspicion of murder, all from the hotel were released, the magistrate's stating " that there was not the shadow of a case against Mr. Bentley, and that he, as well as the others, were honorably discharged"[34]. (research & confirm dates)
- -12th October Thursday. Those arrested for Scobie's murder examined before the police magistrate, Mr. Dewes, and the commissioners, Messrs. Rede and Johnston. Surprisingly they are acquitted in the 1st trial. It is alleged by supporters of Scobie, that Police & Magistrate corruption is involved. "An inquest was held by a magistrate named Dewes, who was suspected of being under an obligation to Bentley, and believed to be what a later official investigation proved, a corrupt and unreliable officer. Instead of committing Bentley for trial, Dewes acquitted him. One of the commissioners (Johnston) was not satisfied with this inquiry, and forwarded his notes to headquarters."[35]
- -17th October Tuesday 12 noon. An estimated 3000-5000 miners meet near Eureka Hotel. They are angry with the court judgement in the Scobie case. Named among those at this meeting were Thomas Kennedy, Angus Sutherland, Stephen Cumming, Mr. Blair, Peter Lalor, James R. Thomson, John W. Gray, Thomas D. Wanliss, William Corkhill, Alexander M. P. Grant and Archibald Carmichael. In addition Reverends P Smith (or Smythe) & ... Downey were also at the committee meeting (they attended to advise "Peace & Patience until the new Commission of Inquiry should make their report". The meeting decides (among other resolutions) to forward a petition to Lieutenant-Governor Hotham for lawful review of the case. [36])
- -At about the same time of this miner's meeting "A strong body of foot-police, under Sub-Inspector Ximenes, was posted in the hotel, and mounted troopers, under Captain Evans, were stationed in an adjacent hollow" (close to the miner's meeting place)[37]. The commissioners (magistrates) were also in attendance with the Police.
- -"After the miner's meeting was dissolved, those in attendance disperse in all directions. A number of them proceed in the direction of Bentley's hotel, and were immediately followed by the Commissioners and some mounted troopers. It is a matter of speculation whether the miner's meeting would NOT have dispersed peaceably had this action not been taken by the authorities. When the Police horsemen were seen to proceed towards the hotel, those that were then on their way home in other directions, arrested their steps to see what "was happening". Some miners near the Bentley's Eureka Hotel began at first to throw stones at the it (as a kind of retribution for those from Bentley's Hotel not having been punished for Scobie's death). After a few panes of glass were broken, the appetite for destruction seemed to increase. More and more joined in and the destruction by the crowd got out of control. By 2.30-3pm it was estimated the crowd had grown to 8000-10000. Police attended in numbers, but there was not enough to stop the riot. (Needs research; but there was probably only about 400 police in Ballarat at the time). Eureka Hotel is burnt down.
- -Police call for more assistance/support from the Government.
- -Arrests of 3 related to the Eureka Hotel fire. Thomas Fletcher, Andrew McIntyre, and Henry Westerly. (research & confirm dates). It was later stated that McIntyre & Fletcher were libelled by police in court .[38].
- -18th October SHIPPING INTELLIGENCE - ARRIVED. ...October 18.— Camperdown, ship, 330 tons, from Cork, -with 420 soldiers of the (1st Division) 12th Regiment of Infantry[39][40].
- -3rd November The ship Empress Eugene arrives in Melbourne carrying with her the 2nd Division, 12th (East Sussex) Regiment. Including recently promoted Captain John Reynolds Palmer.
- -11th November Another meeting of miners on Bakery Hill agrees to form 'Ballarat Reform League' (to bring about the right to vote, abolition of licensing system, reform of administration of the gold fields, revision of laws relating to Crown land)[41].
- -18th November "New evidence came to light and a trial (for the murder of Scobie) was held in Melbourne's Supreme Court commencing 18 November: Queen v. James Francis Bentley, Catherine Bentley, William Henry Hance and Thomas Farrell in the murder of James Scobie. Judge Redmond Barry presided over the case. James Bentley, William Hance and Thomas Farrell were all found guilty of manslaughter and three sentenced...
- -20 November and three sentenced each to three years hard labour on the roads; Catherine Bentley was found not guilty".
Report into the Ballarat Riot is presented to Hotham. His written response in the report is to immediately dismiss D'Ewes from his position.
- - On the afternoon of 20 November, Judge Barry presided over the trial of the Bentley's Hotel rioters. Thomas Fletcher, Andrew McIntyre, and Henry Westerly were respectively sentenced to three, four, and six months imprisonment.
- -Police call for assistance/support. Authorities send the military that had been based in Melbourne & Geelong (40th & 12th Regiments)
- -27 November A delegation of miner's present a petition to Lieutenant-Governor Hotham. It asked to investigate James Scobie death & also they demanded that the 3 jailed for the Eureka Hotel fire might be released. (Petition signed for the miners by; James R. Thomson (Chairman), Peter Lalor (Secretary), Thomas P. Wanliss (Treasurer), John Weightman Gray, William Corkhill, Alexander McP Grant & Archibald Carmichael[42].
- -Hotham refuses to bow to miner's demands & or release those jailed for burning the Eureka Hotel.
- -28th November Miners and Police clash. Peter Lalor stated after the clash that authorities had shot at an unarmed miner, at a time before the Riot Act had been read out. Authorities were seen to take up shooting positions near to Eureka & the miners respond by arming themselves and gathering nearby. The authorities then fell back.
- -Around this time Lalor is deep mining at 140 feet down, with Hayes on the windlass
- -Arrival of the 40th Regiment reinforcements. Entering the diggings with fixed Bayonets & Drawn Swords meets with no response or resistance. Mounted troops, Infantry, Naval artillery & supply wagons. Most were experienced in battle.
- -For a more complete list of all 40th Regiment attending Eureka see http://www.eurekapedia.org/Military#40th_Regiment 124x soldiers... (a Military report at the time counted 261 in total supposed to have participated in Eureka action)[43]
- -29th November The Eureka flag (The Southern Cross) is first raised (at a meeting of 12000 miners).
- -30th November
- -500 miners gathered under the Eureka flag and elects Peter Lalor as their leader. They swore to fight together against police and military.
- -Peter Lalor armed with a rifle calls on miners to arm themselves & stand together.
- -1st December - Construction of the 'Stockade' proper around their flag.
- -Miners populate the stockade, taking in food & weapons.
- -Peter Lalor seeks out Mr Vern as a military tactics adviser. Vern declines[44]. Vern is described in an open letter[45] as American citizen by birth Hanoverian.
- -Artist Charles A Doudiet draws the iconic picture 'Swearing allegiance to the "Southern Cross"[46] ' (among a great many Doudiet images of Eureka Stockade, at the time). Doudiet had accompanied 'Ross' on the Ship 'Magnolia' with 3 other Canadians as they immigrated to Australia.
- -2nd December 12th Regiment Infantry reinforcements & supply wagons arrive in Ballarat (The end of an exhausting 2 day forced march). Most experienced in battle. Their arrival is met with derision by the mining community who respond by yelling out (the common derisory term) 'Joe, Joe...', throwing missiles at them & firing guns overhead. Ultimately 2 of the ammunition wagons were attacked & overturned. The Regiment's Drummer Boy is injured by a wayward bullet (this injury to their boy is thought to have hardened the soldier's opinions of the miners. During the military attack on the Stockade, some are thought to have sought & carried out retribution for their boy's injury).
- -For a full list of all 12th Regiment attending Eureka see https://www.wikitree.com/index.php?title=Space:Eureka_Rebellion&junk=1&action=edit 162x soldiers... (Military report at the time counted 185 in total)[47]
- -Captain J. W. Thomas (Ballaarat Military Camp) Commanding officer inspects the diggings and decides to attack the stockade at dawn 3rd December.
- -Peter Lalor seeks out Mr Magill as a military adviser.
- -For a full list of Foot Police & Troopers attending Eureka see http://www.eurekapedia.org/Police 55x listed plus 1x listed special constable...
- -3rd December
- -At dawn the stockade housed roughly 150 miners, including 20 Americans who had recently arrived at Ballarat; those were armed with revolvers.
- -A force of 276 Soldiers & Police launch dawn attack on the stockade, to defeat the rebels & arrest their leaders; the battle lasts 15 minutes. Again attending in the attack force were the 3 district Magistrates; Mr. Commissioner Amos, Mr. Hackett police magistrate & Mr. G. Webster Civil Commissary. (After "The soldiers and police then went wild, destroying tents and property without reason, bayoneting the wounded, and shooting innocent bystanders. The aftermath of the battle led many to describe Eureka as a massacre"[48]) "Some accounts say that policemen finished off some of the wounded and set fire to tents and storehouses so that at least two intoxicated diggers died in their beds"[49]
- -114 miners are arrested, considerably more are injured (some say long after the battle was won), Peter Lalor is shot in the arm. 16 Soldiers & 1 Policeman are wounded. 4 soldiers are dead & 2 more die later from wounds received. 22 miners are dead. "In the event, most of the arrested diggers were soon released without charges. They included all of the Americans, who had undeniably caused some of the army casualties, apart from the one black man who had helped to make pikes"[50]
- - £200 Reward dead or alive on the heads of Lalor & Black ("miner's Minister of War"). It is strongly felt that this Mr. Black was actually a proprietor of 'Digger's Advocate' newspaper, that his name had been misquoted in the press & one who actually did quite a lot to calm down the tensions rather than to support the resistance[51][52]
- -Those Miner's leaders that were not captured go into hiding.
- -Peter Lalor escapes capture but had been shot in the arm.
- -4th December
- -Lalor makes his own way to Stephen Cummins' house. A trusted friend near Daylesford.
- - 5th?? We know form recollections that Lalor's arm is amputated by Drs. Doyle and Stewart at St Alipus' Church & he is then smuggled to Geelong[53].
- -6th December Riot Act read & Martial Law is imposed over next 3 days.
- -21st December Lieutenant Henry Wise, whose both legs were amputated after the stockade attack, dies.
1855
1st March
- -13 men are tried for High Treason including Henry Seekamp the editor of the Ballarat Times[54].
- - John Manning & Mr Josephs were arrested at the Stockade in a large tent erected in the middle of the ground. In the trial of John MANNING witness for the prosecution was undercover Trooper Goodenough [55]. He infiltrated the meetings dressed as a miner; also mentions others at these meetings. John OLLMAN a former constable in Melbourne. Charles ROBERTS. Mr. McCULLOCH. Another witness was policeman Andrew Peters 29th November who dressed in plain clothes to attend miners meetings (stated he was from Copenhagen, Denmark). Witness Trooper Robert TULLY he was at the stockade 3rd December. Witness Trooper William DALGLEISH escorted prisoners back to The Camp. Witness Trooper Michael QUIGLEY assisted in the removal of wounded & dead after. Witnesses Charles CARTER, Police Inspectors John KING & Thomas MILLS. Witness Commissioner AMOS. Police Commissioner HACKETT. Witness ... WEBSTER was at the Friday meeting. Witness Thomas ALLEN.
- -27th March Seekamp is found guilty of seditious libel & given 6 months. All others were acquitted.
- -The Eureka Stockade leader, Peter Lalor, and others came out of hiding without any legal consequences.
- -Licence fees were abolished
- -miners’ rights were issued
- -Goldfields police numbers are reduced
- - the oppressive manner of policing at the Goldfields is curtailed
- -The right to vote is granted.
- -20th June 27 names of those killed at Eureka were entered consecutively in the Victorian Death Register and occupy almost six pages in the original register from registration number 3240 to 3266.[56]
November
- -Peter Lalor is elected to Victorian Legislative Council. He remained in politics for most of the rest of his life (retiring 1887)
- - Around December Governor Charles Hotham dies (a year after Eureka).
Sources
- ↑ Australian gov.au -Eureka Stockade
- ↑ C.M.H. Clark (1971) Select Documents in Australian History 1851–1900 (Vol. 2) pp. 664–65. Angus and Robertson, Sydney. ISBN 0-207-13426-X
- ↑ Bob O'Brien (1992) Massacre at Eureka, the Untold Story. pp. 94–98. Australian Scholarly Publishing, Melbourne. ISBN 1-875606-04-1
- ↑ Lewis, Balderstone and Bowan (2006) p. 52
- ↑ Frances Hale (1983) Wealth beneath the soil. p. 77
- ↑ Jan Bassett (1986),The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Australian History. p. 87. Oxford University Press, Melbourne. ISBN 0-19-554422-6
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Australia#Colonial_self-government_and_the_gold_rushes
- ↑ http://www.lancashireinfantrymuseum.org.uk/the-battle-of-the-eureka-stockade/
- ↑ Mark Twain (1897) Following the Equator. Reprinted as Mark Twain in Australia and New Zealand (1973) by Penguin books, Australia. p. 233. ISBN 0-14-070034-X
- ↑ "7.30 Report – 14 December 1999: The Eureka rebellion". Australia: ABC. 14 December 1999. Archived from the original on 19 January 2012. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
- ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 13 December 2018.
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Australia#Colonial_self-government_and_the_gold_rushes
- ↑ http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/lalor-peter-3980 Biography - Peter Lalor
- ↑ Brief history of the 12th Regiment (Now Suffolk Regiment) http://www.suffolkregimentmuseum.co.uk/brief-history-of-the-regiment/
- ↑ http://www.lancashireinfantrymuseum.org.uk/the-battle-of-the-eureka-stockade/
- ↑ https://sites.google.com/site/40thoffoot/home-1/eureka
- ↑ https://www.pdavis.nl/ShowShip.php?id=1432 and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Fantome
- ↑ https://www.pdavis.nl/ShowShip.php?id=1389 and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Electra
- ↑ 1923 Eureka Monument Plaque
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 Carboni, Raffaello. The Eureka Stockade: The Consequences of Some Pirates Wanting on Quarter-deck a Rebellion. Melbourne, 1855
- ↑ Ballaarat General Cemeteries pre-1856 database search
- ↑ Wickham, Dorothy. "Eureka's Fallen." Ballarat Heritage Service, 3 June 2019, https://ballaratheritage.com.au/article/eurekas-fallen/
- ↑ BALLAARAT. (1855, February 19). The Argus (Melbourne, Vic. : 1848 - 1957), p. 6. Retrieved December 3, 2022, from http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article4804588
- ↑ http://www.lancashireinfantrymuseum.org.uk/the-battle-of-the-eureka-stockade/
- ↑ Eureka Stockade - State Library of Victoria - Ergo http://ergo.slv.vic.gov.au/explore-history/golden-victoria/impact-society/eureka-stockade
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Police#Early_history
- ↑ The Argus (Melbourne, Vic. : 1848 - 1957) , 20 Oct 1852, page 4 - Shipping Intelligence. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/4787739?searchTerm=Regiment
- ↑ "Police Protection" The Argus (Melbourne, Vic. : 1848 - 1957), Sat 19 Feb 1853, page 5 https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/4789945?searchTerm=victoria%20police
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_MacMahon_(politician)
- ↑ http://www.eurekapedia.org/Scobie%27s_Murder
- ↑ http://www.eurekapedia.org/Scobie%27s_Murder
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Scobie
- ↑ http://www.eurekapedia.org/Scobie%27s_Murder
- ↑ http://www.eurekapedia.org/Scobie%27s_Murder
- ↑ http://www.eurekapedia.org/Scobie%27s_Murder from The Charleville Times newspaper (Qld), 24 December 1904
- ↑ https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/4802072?searchTerm=Lalor
- ↑ http://www.eurekapedia.org/Scobie%27s_Murder
- ↑ https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/4802072?searchTerm=Lalor
- ↑ The Age (Melbourne, Vic. : 1854 - 1954), Thu 19 Oct 1854, page 4. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/154851944?searchTerm=regiment
- ↑ 12th Regiment of foot - East Suffolk. http://ellott-postalhistorian.com/articles/12th-Regiment-History.pdf
- ↑ http://eurekasydney.com/timeline.html
- ↑ http://www.eurekapedia.org/Scobie%27s_Murder
- ↑ http://www.lancashireinfantrymuseum.org.uk/capt-j-w-thomas-report-to-headquarters-following-eureka-rebellion/
- ↑ https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/154896338/18210291
- ↑ the Argus newspaper 21 Dec 1854 - 'Charge of Sedition' https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/4802072?searchTerm=Lalor
- ↑ https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/eureka-stockade
- ↑ http://www.eurekapedia.org/Empress_Eugene
- ↑ http://eurekasydney.com/timeline.html
- ↑ http://www.lancashireinfantrymuseum.org.uk/the-battle-of-the-eureka-stockade/
- ↑ http://www.lancashireinfantrymuseum.org.uk/the-battle-of-the-eureka-stockade/
- ↑ https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/4802072?searchTerm=Lalor
- ↑ https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/202630847?searchTerm=Lalor
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Lalor
- ↑ The State Trials, Mount Alexander Mail (Vic. : 1854 - 1917), Friday 2 March 1855, page 6 https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/202634801?searchTerm=victoria%20police
- ↑ https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/154850670?searchTerm=Lalor
- ↑ "Eureka's Fallen." Ballarat Heritage Service, 3 June 2019, ballaratheritage.com.au/article/eurekas-fallen/ .
See also
- Gold Rush Colony - Eureka Rebellion
- Archive.org - Life on the Goldfields - a chronology
- Wikipedia Article "Eureka Rebellion"
- 3 December 1854 military report from Capt. J. W. Thomas report to Headquarters following Eureka rebellion http://www.lancashireinfantrymuseum.org.uk/capt-j-w-thomas-report-to-headquarters-following-eureka-rebellion/
- Public Record Office Victoria VPRS 5527 Official Forms, Evidence and Depositions, October 1854 http://www.eurekapedia.org/Public_Record_Office_Victoria_VPRS_5527_Official_Forms,_Evidence_and_Depositions,_October_1854
- Supreme Court trial in Melbourne, gold-miner Peter Martin gave eyewitness testimony regarding the death, as published "Supreme Court, Melbourne, Nov. 18th". Bell's Life in Sydney and Sporting Reviewer. NSW: National Library of Australia. 2 December 1854. p. 1. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
- http://www.eurekapedia.org/Biographies
PRINTED HISTORIES
- History of the 12th (The Suffolk) Regiment 1685-1913 by Lieut-Col EAH Webb (1914) (Reprint, Naval and Military Press, 2001)
- Remembering those in the Eureka rebellion Dec 2, 2022.
- How to categorise the military at the Eureka Rebellion May 12, 2021.
- How to collaborate with Work in progress on a project (in this case Eureka Project)? Jan 8, 2021.
- Can You Help Eureka Rebellion? Eureka Stockade Project and Collab. Profile of the Week? Aug 31, 2015.
Images: 29
Collaboration
- Login to edit this profile and add images.
- Private Messages: Send a private message to the Profile Manager. (Best when privacy is an issue.)
- Public Comments: Login to post. (Best for messages specifically directed to those editing this profile. Limit 20 per day.)
2 of the ladies have profiles that I can find
There is a children's book https://carolewilkinson.com.au/2008/08/26/the-night-we-made-the-flag/ (some of the comments are interesting)
edited by Amanda Myers
Thank you for noting this article. We always very much appreciate any help that is offered.
All 3x ladies have profiles within those at Eureka Stockade Project. Perhaps you might add the article as a source on their pages? Cheers, Ken
to be added as a Source, will be visiting soon to gain more information required by requests....
Thanks to Karen MacDonald for recently uploading and linking photos of plaques on the new pathway of remembrance. Thanks too to Ken Hudson for all the fantastic work he has done on the project.
edited by Steve Thomas
The problems about him being Jewish are two-fold. The Jewish community of Elberfeld in the 19th century is quite well studied, which isn't hard to do because there were barely any Jews in Elberfeld at the time (about two families at the beginning of the century, and about a dozen families by the time of Edward's emigration). Neither of them, I think, are candidates for Edward Thonen's origin. That leaves just one option, which is equally hard to believe, and that is that he converted to Judaism around the time of his emigration. This has happened, but it was exceedingly rare, and would require strong support from primary sources before I would even consider it. (I am aware of one convert in Elberfeld between 1600 and 1850, and that is a Jew who converted to Christianity. I am not aware of a single case that went the other way around, but I'll be happy to stand corrected if you know one.)
What about a Jewish Edward Thonen who was born somewhere else, moved to Elberfeld, and emigrated from there? The fact that we have a candidate Eduard Thoenen born in Elberfeld would be too big of a coincidence if he didn't actually come from the place. Not to mention that "Thonen" would have been an unusual name for a Jewish person at the time.
Just my thoughts. If anyone can shed light on this, please help us out!
edited by Daniel Bamberger
Does this WikiTree page claim that his burial record identifies him as Jewish? Why would the burial record call him "lemonade man"? Clearly that information is coming from somewhere else...
edited by Daniel Bamberger
https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Basham-571
Thank you for your contribution to William Basham's profile. Yes I've had a look at the various contributions to date. I'm unconvinced that Guilielmo Bashem and Birgita McGork belong on this profile as parents of various children, when another child was born Western Australia with correct parent names (but I am happy to be corrected). Clearly William Basham was a one of the 420 soldiers of the 12th regiment of foot that arrived Melbourne 1854. What may solve this is to discover military records which will reside in UK; Williams detailed service history & listing which battalions were posted to which Australian outpost (colony). Twins were born to William during the voyage of 'Camperdown' to Melbourne & registered in Victoria, Australia. Samuel John Basham too belongs; born 1859 at Western Australia. Finally, there may also be a a record of the time the 12th Regiment of Foot spent at Swan River colony (Western Australian). That could be useful.
An update.
1/ A kind Wikitree guru Will Palmer has come up with this link that proves William Basham was not posted to quell the Eureka Uprising. Nor was he involved in the Maori Wars. He returned to England 1862. http://freepages.rootsweb.com/~twelthregiment/military/12th_Regiment_All_Soldiers_Details.pdf
2/ This link (below) from another Wikitree star Mark Dorney suggests 2 children Ellen DOB 1854 & Samuel John 1860 http://www.friendsofbattyelibrary.org.au/the-bicentennial-dictionary-of-western-australians.html I could find no record of Ellen Basham in Western Australian records so far.
And this link (below) brings the family together after returning to England (only birthdates... & places are not as they should be) "England and Wales Census, 1871", database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:V5R3-NNL : 19 February 2021), Samuel Basham in entry for William Basham, 1871. This latter link means we can rely on there being 6 children. Mary Anne does not yet have a profile (she was born & died at sea on the ship 'Camperdown'. Both her records are in Victorian state BDM files. The rest of the family details are sadly lacking. Certainly Ellen could not have been born at the same time as the twins were born at sea.
3/ So there is quite a bit of careful investigation work to be done to sort out the family profiles clearly. But if it were undertaken then you would sort out some profiles, that without this/your context are not otherwise able to be fixed.
4/ Guilielmo Bashem and Birgita McGork ... I am wondering if 1) these are the Gaelic for William & Brigid, or 2) As Brigid was Irish; she deliberately misrecorded British files as a joke (as was want to happen).
edited by Ken Hudson
Thank you so much, and thanks to the kind Guru's of WikiTree. I didn't even think of checking the Bicentennial Dictionary.
The plan is to transfer/copy the research info collected on William's profile to the relevant other profiles to build out the entire nuclear family on WikiTree. While James is missing on the 1871 census, he is listed with his parents on the 1891 census as a 'sea man'. I have also found his navy record stating he was born in Perth Australia on the same date as the christening entry for 'Jacobus' Basham. Incidentally, I've just come across an Irish web page listing the Latin version of English names; It looks like Jacobus was used for both, Jacob and James. It appears then that the christening entries were recorded in Latin, or at least some form of Latin. Guilielmo is the 'Latinised' version of William but how the priest has Latinised Bridget to Birgita instead of Brigitta is a bit of a mystery although it could have been a mistake. Not all priests were highly educated. Certainly, the catholic church registers for Fremantle at this time were in Latin. Another line of enquiry to find out who the priest was and where he came from.
Thanks Ken ...
Seems to me that this family might finally get their profiles cleaned up. It's been kind of fun investigating your family. Could I ask if you would provide me with that link to the Irish page for Latin versions of English names? In this case William proved not to have been at Eureka, but your enquiry has added to information we have surrounding the rebellion. Thank you for that. Regards
Regarding the Latin names, I had a search on G2G and there are quite a few posts about names. I decided to start a free space page for first names in various languages. Here is the link to the website as well as the free space page. Not sure where to link the free space page to yet.
https://www.from-ireland.net/irish-names/latin-names-in-english
https://www.wikitree.com/index.php?title=Space:PersonalNames&public=1
edited by Andrea Staub