Desha County, Arkansas

Date: 12 Dec 1838
Location: Desha, Arkansas, United States
Surnames/tags: desha_county,_arkansas us_history Arkansas Click here to return to Arkansas the Natural State for further Arkansas navigation

Contents 1 Welcome to the Desha County, Arkansas! 2 Maps and Boundaries 3 Communities 3.1 Cities 3.2 Towns 3.3 Unincorporated areas 3.4 Minor Civil Divisions (MCD) 3.5 Townships 3.6 Historic community 4 Military History 4.1 Civil War 4.1.1 Civil War Regiments 4.1.2 Civil War Markers and Memorials 4.2 Other Military Markers and Memorials 5 Historical Landmarks 6 National Protected Areas 7 Notables 8 Records and Resources 9 Sources

Welcome to the Desha County, Arkansas!

The Arkansas Legislature created Desha County on December 12, 1838, consisting of the lands of Arkansas County separated from the county seat by the Arkansas River, White River and land from Chicot County. The county was named for Captain Benjamin Desha, who fought in the War of 1812. It holds a captivating history that weaves a narrative of resilience, exploration, and cultural heritage. Situated in the southeastern region of the state, this remarkable county beckons you to delve into its past and uncover the captivating tales that shaped its identity.

The earliest chapters of Desha County's history unfold with the arrival of European explorers in the 16th century. French trappers and traders ventured into the area, establishing early connections with Native American tribes such as the Quapaw and Osage. These interactions laid the foundation for a diverse cultural tapestry that would flourish in the centuries to come.

In the 19th century, Desha County experienced significant transformations with the introduction of agriculture. Cotton emerged as a prominent crop, and vast plantations sprouted along the fertile banks of the Mississippi River. The county's economy thrived on the labor of enslaved African Americans, whose invaluable contributions shaped the region's agricultural prosperity.

Desha County also played a significant role in the Civil War. The Battle of Arkansas Post, fought in 1863, marked a pivotal moment as Union forces sought to gain control of the Mississippi River. Though ultimately defeated, the impact of this battle left an indelible mark on the county's landscape and history.

As time progressed, Desha County witnessed societal shifts and the rise of prominent figures who left an enduring legacy. African American leaders like Wiley Jones, a successful businessman and civil rights activist, emerged to challenge the status quo and champion the rights of their communities. Their determination and perseverance paved the way for progress and equality.

Today, Desha County stands as a testament to the resilience of its people and the richness of its heritage. From the quaint towns that dot its landscape to the majestic river that flows alongside, the county offers a glimpse into the vibrant tapestry of Arkansas's past.

Immerse yourself in the captivating history of Desha County, where tales of exploration, struggle, and triumph intertwine. Discover the voices that echo through time, the landmarks that stand as witnesses to bygone eras, and the traditions that endure to this day. Step into Desha County, where the past comes alive, inviting you to embrace its story and make it a part of your own.

Maps and Boundaries

• Arkansas County (north)
• Phillips County (northeast)
• Bolivar County, Mississippi (east)
• Chicot County (south)
• Drew County (southwest)
• Lincoln County (northwest)

Communities

Cities

Arkansas City

Dumas

McGehee

Towns

Halley	Mitchellville	Tillar
Reed	Watson

Unincorporated areas

Oak Grove

Pickens

Snow Lake

Minor Civil Divisions (MCD)

Back Gate	Beulah Island Landing	Deefield
Duce	Jersey Point	Knowlton	Laconia
Lorays	Lucca Landing	Masonville	McArthur
Mozart	Oaklawn	Omega	Pea Ridge
Pendleton	Red Fork	Reedville	Rohwer
Rotan	Stimson	Trippe	Trippe Junction
Wargo Landing	White River	Yancopin	Yukon

Townships

Bowie	Clayton	Franklin	Halley
Jefferson	Mississippi	Randolph	Red Fork
Richland	Silver Lake	Walnut Lake

Historic community

Bath	Chester	Chicot	Glen Low
Graddy	Henrico	Hopedale	Kelso
Medford	Napoleon	Parma	Poynter
Prairie Landing	Rohwer	Rosemary	Wellington
Wileyville	Winchester	Wood View

Military History

Civil War

During the Civil War, Desha County, Arkansas, experienced significant impacts as the conflict unfolded. While the county did not witness any major battles, it became a vital theater for skirmishes and military movements due to its strategic location along the Mississippi River.

One noteworthy engagement was the Battle of Arkansas Post, which took place from January 9 to 11, 1863, near the town of Arkansas Post (also known as Fort Hindman) in present-day Gillett, Desha County. This battle saw Union forces under the command of Major General John McClernand successfully capture the Confederate garrison stationed there.

Civil War Regiments

In terms of regiments, the residents of Desha County contributed soldiers to both the Confederate and Union armies. Some notable Confederate units included:

• 3rd Arkansas Regiment
• 6th Regiment, Arkansas Militia
• 8th Arkansas Cavalry Regiment
• 7th Battalion, Arkansas Infantry (Desha)
• 4th Arkansas Field Artillery
• Desha Rangers - An Independent Calvary Troop

On the Union side, individuals from Desha County joined the 1st Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Union) and the 3rd Arkansas Cavalry Regiment (Union), among others.

Civil War Markers and Memorials

Desha County features several Civil War markers and memorials that commemorate the county's involvement in the conflict. One such marker can be found at the site of the Battle of Arkansas Post, highlighting the significance of the engagement. Additionally, various graveyards and cemeteries throughout the county contain the resting places of soldiers who fought in the war.

It is worth noting that Desha County's proximity to the Mississippi River made it an important hub for both military and civilian activities during the Civil War. The river served as a crucial supply route and transportation artery, impacting the local economy and influencing the county's strategic importance within the larger context of the war.

Other Military Markers and Memorials

Desha County in Arkansas is home to various military markers and memorials that commemorate different periods and conflicts in history. Some of these include:

1. World War I Memorial: Located in McGehee, Desha County, there is a memorial dedicated to honoring the local residents who served and sacrificed during World War I. This monument serves as a reminder of the county's contribution to the war effort and pays tribute to those who fought for their country.
2. World War II Memorial: Another significant military marker in Desha County is the World War II Memorial, which commemorates the brave men and women from the county who served during the Second World War. This memorial stands as a symbol of gratitude and remembrance for their sacrifices in defending freedom and democracy.
3. Korean War Memorial: Desha County has a memorial dedicated to honoring the county's veterans who served in the Korean War. This marker serves as a reminder of the county's commitment to preserving peace and defending freedom during this significant conflict.
4. Vietnam War Memorial: There is a memorial in Desha County that specifically honors the local residents who served in the Vietnam War. This marker recognizes the sacrifices made by the county's veterans during this challenging and tumultuous period in American history.

These military markers and memorials provide a tangible link to the past, honoring the bravery and sacrifice of the individuals who served their country during various conflicts. They serve as gathering places for reflection, remembrance, and gratitude, ensuring that the memory of those who served is preserved for future generations.

Historical Landmarks

Arkansas City Commercial District

• Arkansas City Commercial District - The Arkansas City Commercial District in Arkansas City, Arkansas, is a historic area that includes the three oldest surviving commercial buildings in the city. These buildings are located on Sprague Avenue, between Kate Adams Street and De Soto Avenue, and serve as a reminder of the once-thriving commercial district in the city.

The first building in the district is the Cotham Drug Store, a two-story brick building constructed around 1900. It is situated near the corner of Sprague and De Soto, facing south. The building features a brick facade with architectural details, such as brick corbeling and a course of dentil molding. Above, there is a parapet that adds to its visual appeal and historical character.

Next to the Cotham Drug Store is the Red Star Grocery, which was also built in 1900. This two-story brick building has undergone some modifications over the years, notably altering its facade by replacing a recessed doorway with a flush one. Despite the alterations, the building still retains its historical significance. Similar to the Cotham Drug Store, it showcases brick corbeling, a course of dentil molding, and a parapet.

The third building in the Arkansas City Commercial District is the Ramus Brothers Market, constructed in 1910. Unlike the other two buildings, the Ramus Brothers Market is made of poured concrete, making it unique in its construction material. This building is situated on Sprague Street and contributes to the architectural diversity within the district.

Collectively, these three buildings reflect the architectural style prevalent in the early 20th century. They exhibit common features, such as brick construction, decorative elements like brick corbeling and dentil molding, and a focus on visually appealing facades. Their presence in the Arkansas City Commercial District is a testament to the historical and commercial importance of the area during its heyday.

Arkansas City High School

• Arkansas City High School - The historic Arkansas City High School was a notable educational institution that served students in Arkansas City, Arkansas, United States, from 1910 to 2004. It played a significant role in the local community as a center for learning and community activities for nearly a century.

The construction of the Arkansas City High School building took place in 1910, and became the primary educational facility for the area. The school provided education to students from the surrounding community, offering a comprehensive curriculum and extracurricular activities.

Throughout its operational years, the Arkansas City High School witnessed various changes in education, reflecting the evolving needs and educational standards of the time. It adapted to new teaching methodologies, expanded academic programs, and incorporated modern technologies to enhance the learning experience.

Over the years, Arkansas City High School became a gathering place for the local community, hosting events, performances, and athletic competitions. It fostered a sense of pride and unity among students, faculty, and residents of Arkansas City.

However, in 2004, the decision was made to close Arkansas City High School due to changing demographics and educational priorities. The closure marked the end of an era for the institution and community it served.

Desha County Courthouse

• Desha County Courthouse - The Desha County Courthouse, located on Robert S. Moore Avenue in Arkansas City, Arkansas, serves as the county seat of Desha County. Constructed in 1900, this 2+1⁄2-story brick building showcases the architectural style of Romanesque Revival. Rome Harding designed it, a prominent architect from Little Rock.

The courthouse's most striking feature is its four-story square tower, which adds grandeur to the building's design. The tower is adorned with various architectural details that contribute to its visual appeal. On the first level, there are doubled rectangular windows, while the second level features a round-arch window. The third level features an open round arch, adding a touch of elegance to the tower. Finally, on the fourth level, clock faces adorn the tower, providing both functionality and aesthetic charm. A pyramidal roof crowns the tower with a finial, completing the architectural composition.

The Romanesque Revival style of the Desha County Courthouse is characterized by its robust masonry construction, arched windows and doorways, decorative elements, and a sense of solidity and permanence. This architectural style was popular during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and aimed to evoke the grandeur and strength of medieval European architecture.

As the county seat, the Desha County Courthouse has served as a hub for administrative and legal affairs for the local community. It has witnessed numerous legal proceedings, civic activities, and community events throughout its history.

The Desha County Courthouse is a testament to the architectural heritage of Arkansas City and Desha County. Its distinctive design and historical significance make it an important landmark within the community. Preserving and maintaining such buildings is crucial for honoring the past and preserving the cultural heritage of the region.The Desha County Courthouse, located on Robert S. Moore Avenue in Arkansas City, Arkansas, serves as the county seat of Desha County. Constructed in 1900, this 2+1⁄2-story brick building showcases the architectural style of Romanesque Revival. Rome Harding designed it, a prominent architect from Little Rock.

The courthouse's most striking feature is its four-story square tower, which adds grandeur to the building's design. The tower is adorned with various architectural details that contribute to its visual appeal. On the first level, there are doubled rectangular windows, while the second level features a round-arch window. The third level features an open round arch, adding a touch of elegance to the tower. Finally, on the fourth level, clock faces adorn the tower, providing both functionality and aesthetic charm. A pyramidal roof crowns the tower with a finial, completing the architectural composition.

The Romanesque Revival style of the Desha County Courthouse is characterized by its robust masonry construction, arched windows and doorways, decorative elements, and a sense of solidity and permanence. This architectural style was popular during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and aimed to evoke the grandeur and strength of medieval European architecture.

As the county seat, the Desha County Courthouse has served as a hub for administrative and legal affairs for the local community. It has witnessed numerous legal proceedings, civic activities, and community events throughout its history.

The Desha County Courthouse is a testament to the architectural heritage of Arkansas City and Desha County. Its distinctive design and historical significance make it an important landmark within the community. Preserving and maintaining such buildings is crucial for honoring the past and preserving the cultural heritage of the region.

Dickinson-Moore House

• Dickinson-Moore House - The Dickinson-Moore House, located at 707 Robert S. Moore Avenue in Arkansas City, Arkansas, is a historic residence with architectural significance. Constructed around 1915 in the Craftsman style, this 1+1⁄2-story house was likely built for a member of the locally prominent Dickinson family, who were early occupants of the property.

One notable feature of the Dickinson-Moore House is its elevated brick foundation, which stands at 5 feet. This unique construction method was used to protect the house from the frequent floods that affected the area. However, even with this precaution, the house experienced significant flooding during a major flood in 1927, when it was submerged under eight feet of water.

The house has preserved its original siding and windows, providing a glimpse into its original appearance. As a Craftsman style home, it showcases characteristic elements, such as exposed rafter ends and large knee brackets in the eaves. The Craftsman style, popular during the early 20th century, emphasized craftsmanship, simplicity, and natural materials.

The Dickinson-Moore House is a testament to the architectural heritage of Arkansas City. It represents a time when the Craftsman style was prevalent, and showcases the practicality of building on an elevated foundation to mitigate the impact of flooding.

Dumas Commercial Historic District

• Dumas Commercial Historic District - The Dumas Commercial Historic District is located in Dumas, Arkansas, a rural community in the Mississippi River Delta region of southeastern Arkansas. The district encompasses the historic commercial center of the town and showcases its architectural and historical significance.

Dumas was established in 1904 after the construction of the St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern Railway, which passed through the farm of William Dumas. The town gradually developed around this transportation hub, and its commercial district began to take shape. The Porter Grocery, constructed between 1905 and 1938 by David Porter, is the oldest surviving commercial building in Dumas and is a notable structure within the district.

The Dumas Commercial Historic District comprises eight noteworthy buildings, including the Merchants & Farmers Bank building, which is a Colonial Revival-style structure listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Designed by architect Charles L. Thompson, this building adds architectural diversity and historical significance to the district.

All the buildings within the district are located on a single city block of South Main Street, between Choctaw and Waterman Streets. Most of these structures were constructed in the 1920s and exhibit vernacular brick commercial architecture. This architectural style reflects the common construction practices and design preferences of the time.

The Dumas Commercial Historic District is a testament to the town's commercial growth and architectural heritage. It provides a glimpse into the past, showcasing the development and evolution of Dumas as a rural community in southeastern Arkansas.

Hubert & Ionia Furr House

• Hubert & Ionia Furr House - The Hubert & Ionia Furr House, located at 702 Desoto Avenue in Arkansas City, Arkansas, is a historic residence that holds architectural significance. Constructed in 1910, this 1+1⁄2-story house exemplifies the Dutch Colonial Revival style. Hubert Furr built it, a local timber dealer.

The house features a primarily rectangular plan and is characterized by a side-gable roof with flared eaves, a distinctive characteristic of Dutch Colonial Revival architecture. The first floor of the house is constructed using decorative concrete blocks, adding visual interest and texture to the facade. The gable ends and roof dormers, on the other hand, are clad in wood shingles, providing a contrast in materials.

One notable feature of the Hubert & Ionia Furr House is its front porch, which spans the entire front facade. Fluted Doric columns support this porch, which rest on a low wall constructed with decorative concrete blocks. The porch not only adds architectural charm, but also serves as an inviting outdoor space.

The Dutch Colonial Revival style gained popularity in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, inspired by the architectural traditions of Dutch settlers in America. Gambrel roofs characterize it, flared eaves, and symmetrical facades.

Kemp Cotton Gin Historic District

• Kemp Cotton Gin Historic District - The Kemp Cotton Gin Historic District is a significant historical area, encompassing the only remaining cotton gin in the Rohwer area of Desha County, Arkansas. Built in 1950 by O. O. Kemp, the gin holds historical significance in relation to the nearby Rohwer War Relocation Center, a Japanese-American internment camp during World War II.

After the closure of the Rohwer War Relocation Center, which housed up to 10,000 Japanese-Americans during the war, much of the land was returned to agricultural use. O. O. Kemp took advantage of this transition and constructed the cotton gin near the Missouri Pacific Railroad line that ran through Rohwer.

The Kemp Cotton Gin complex includes not only the gin itself, but also a pump house, scale house, and office building. These additional structures were integral to the functioning of the gin, which played a significant role in the local cotton industry.

The cotton gin complex, with its historical association to post-war agricultural activities in the area and the internees of the Rohwer War Relocation Center, was recognized for its importance and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.

Preservation and recognition of the Kemp Cotton Gin Historic District commemorate the history of both the agricultural development in the region and the experiences of Japanese-Americans during a challenging period in American history. The district is a reminder of the significant events and transformations that took place in the aftermath of World War II in Desha County, Arkansas.

Jay Lewis House

• Jay Lewis House - The Jay Lewis House, located at 12 Fairview Drive in McGehee, Arkansas, is a historic residence with architectural significance. Built in 1955, Edward Durell Stone designed this two-story wood-frame house, a prominent architect and Arkansas native known for his contributions to new formalism.

The Jay Lewis House is the only Stone-designed house in Desha County and one of only five in the entire state of Arkansas. Stone's design approach emphasized clean lines, geometric forms, and a harmonious integration of indoor and outdoor spaces.

The exterior of the house features vertical cypress board cladding, providing a visually appealing texture. A notable feature is the wraparound porch that encircles the entire house, offering a seamless transition between the interior and the surrounding landscape. A breezeway connects the house to a carport, which was built concurrently. Six Douglas fir beams support the porch roof, adding architectural interest to the exterior design.

Inside the Jay Lewis House, Stone's design draws inspiration from the traditional Arkansas dog trot form, while incorporating modern reinterpretations. The central living/dining/kitchen area serves as the focal point of the house, reminiscent of the central element of the dog trot design. Other rooms in the house connect to this central area and are separated by Shōji screens, allowing flexibility in spatial organization.

The overall design of the house is comparable to another house Stone designed in Englewood, New Jersey, showcasing the architect's consistent style and design principles.

The Jay Lewis House has remained largely unchanged since its construction, maintaining its architectural integrity and original character. Although one chimney has been replaced due to storm damage, the house is a testament to Stone's design vision and its enduring appeal.

McGehee City Jail

• McGehee City Jail - The former McGehee City Jail is a historic building located at the intersection of South First and Pine Streets in McGehee, Arkansas. Constructed in 1908, this small single-story brick building served as the city jail until 1935. Despite its prolonged vacancy, the building has survived, outlasting the jail constructed to replace it.

The former city jail is a modest structure with a concrete roof. It is a single-story building made of brick, showcasing the architectural style prevalent during its construction period. The design of the building prioritized security, as evident from its features. The building has three cells, each equipped with a separate outside door. Heavy metal bars cover all openings, ensuring confinement and safety within the structure. The doors themselves are solid metal, further emphasizing security measures.

Although the former McGehee City Jail has remained vacant since 1935, its historical significance lies in its survival and representation of the city's past. As a tangible reminder of McGehee's history, the building serves as a connection to the community's earlier law enforcement practices and the architectural styles prevalent at the time of its construction.

Preservation of historic buildings like the former city jail helps maintain a link to the past and contributes to the cultural heritage of a community. These structures provide insights into local history, architecture, and the social fabric of the time in which they were active. By recognizing and appreciating the historical value of such buildings, communities can ensure their long-term preservation and contribute to a sense of place and identity.

McGehee National Guard Armory

• McGehee National Guard Armory - The McGehee National Guard Armory is a historic building located at 1610 South First Street in McGehee, Arkansas. Constructed in 1954, this armory served as a significant facility for the National Guard in the area. The building's design and purpose reflect the architectural style and functional requirements commonly found in armory buildings of that era.

The armory is a single-story structure constructed with cinder blocks and faced with a brick veneer, providing a durable and visually appealing exterior. A steel frame supports the metal gable roof, offering structural stability to the building. On either side of the roof, clerestory awning windows allow natural light into the interior.

The central area of the armory is the main space, likely used for drills, training, and assembly purposes. Surrounding this central area are three single-story flat-roofed sections, which house various support areas, such as offices and a kitchen. These sections provide functional spaces to accommodate the National Guard's administrative and operational needs.

The design of the McGehee National Guard Armory is representative of the typical style employed by the Arkansas National Guard during the mid-20th century. These armory buildings were designed to meet the specific requirements of the National Guard, incorporating practical features while maintaining a sense of uniformity across the state.

The armory served as a vital hub for the National Guard until 2005, when its usage was discontinued. The following year, the building was handed over to the city of McGehee, signifying its transition from a military facility to a community-owned property.

Preserving the McGehee National Guard Armory is important not only for its historical significance, but also for its potential adaptive reuse and community development. Repurposing the building for civic or cultural purposes can breathe new life into the structure while honoring its past military service. The armory is a tangible reminder of the National Guard's presence in McGehee and contributes to the local architectural heritage.

McGehee Post Office

• McGehee Post Office - The former McGehee Post Office building is a historic facility located at 201 North Second Street in McGehee, Arkansas. Constructed in 1937, this single-story masonry building served as the local post office for many years. The design of the building was overseen by the Office of the Supervising Architect, led by Louis A. Simon, and reflects the Colonial Revival architectural style.

The post office building showcases several distinctive features. One notable element is the cupola, which adorns the roof and includes round-arch louvered vents, allowing ventilation and adding visual interest to the structure. The front entryway is a focal point of the building and is flanked by Doric columns, which support a cornice embellished with a golden eagle—a symbol commonly associated with post offices.

The Colonial Revival architectural style, prevalent during the construction period, sought to evoke the architectural aesthetics of the colonial period in America. This style often featured elements such as symmetry, classical details, and references to historical building forms.

The McGehee Post Office served the community as a postal facility until 1999. Subsequently, the McGehee Industrial Foundation acquired the building, indicating a transition from its original function to new ownership and potential reuse.

Preserving the former McGehee Post Office building is significant for its historical and architectural value. It serves as a tangible representation of the community's postal history and architectural heritage. The Colonial Revival design, along with the distinctive cupola and decorative elements, contributes to the visual identity and character of McGehee.

The building's acquisition by the McGehee Industrial Foundation opens up opportunities for adaptive reuse and revitalization projects that can repurpose the structure for community or commercial purposes, contributing to the economic and cultural development of the area while retaining its historical integrity.

McKennon-Shea House

• McKennon-Shea House - The McKennon-Shea House is a historic residence located at 206 Waterman Street in Dumas, Arkansas. The house, constructed around 1910, is a 1+1⁄2-story wood-frame structure that holds significance in the local community's history. In 1913, Claude McKennon purchased the property, a notable local entrepreneur who established a farm supply business in Dumas during the same period. McKennon also built a real estate empire, leasing farmland to tenant farmers.

The house's association with the McKennon family continued through subsequent generations. Claude McKennon's daughter, Sarah, married Thomas Shea, and their son eventually inherited the property. This familial lineage further adds to the historical context and personal connections associated with the house.

Architecturally, the McKennon-Shea House exhibits a blend of Folk Victorian and Colonial Revival styles, reflecting the popular architectural influences of the time. The house's design incorporates elements of both styles, resulting in a unique vernacular interpretation. Notably, the house features decorative gingerbread detailing and four Tuscan columns supporting a central projecting gable, further enhancing its visual appeal.

The Folk Victorian style emphasizes the use of ornate woodwork and decorative elements, while the Colonial Revival style draws inspiration from the classical architectural forms of early American colonial buildings. The combination of these styles creates an aesthetically pleasing and historically significant structure.

The McKennon-Shea House is a testament to the architectural heritage and historical development of Dumas, Arkansas. Its association with the McKennon family and their contributions to the local community adds to its cultural significance. Preserving and appreciating historic homes like the McKennon-Shea House helps maintain a connection to the past and contributes to the sense of identity and pride within the community.

Merchants & Farmers Bank

• Merchants & Farmers Bank - The Merchants & Farmers Bank is a historic bank building located at the intersection of Waterman and Main Streets in Dumas, Arkansas. Constructed in 1913, this Classical Revival-style building was designed by architect Charles L. Thompson, who left his mark on several notable structures in the region.

The bank building is characterized by its single-story layout and the prominent use of brick laid in Flemish bond, which is a decorative brickwork pattern that creates a visually appealing facade. The Flemish bond arrangement involves alternating headers (the shorter end of a brick) and stretchers (the longer side of a brick) in each row.

One of the standout features of the Merchants & Farmers Bank is its main entrance. Marble Ionic columns flank the entrance, which are characterized by their spiral-shaped volutes at the top. The use of these columns adds a touch of elegance and classical aesthetics to the building's design.

Classical Revival architecture drew inspiration from the architectural forms of ancient Greece and Rome, emphasizing symmetry, balance, and classical details. The Merchants & Farmers Bank reflects these principles in its design, showcasing the grandeur and timelessness associated with the Classical Revival style.

Preserving the Merchants & Farmers Bank is important for its architectural significance and contribution to the local history of Dumas. The building serves as a tangible reminder of the town's economic and commercial development during the early 20th century. The use of classical architectural elements adds to the building's visual appeal and creates a distinct landmark within the community.

The Merchants & Farmers Bank building is a testament to the architectural craftsmanship of its time and represents an important piece of Dumas' heritage. By maintaining and appreciating this historic structure, the community can continue to honor its past and showcase the architectural legacy of the area.

McGehee station

• McGehee station - The Missouri Pacific Railroad Depot-McGehee is a historic railroad station situated on Railroad Street in McGehee, Arkansas. Constructed around 1910 by the Missouri Pacific Railroad, this single-story brick building is notable for its distinctive Mediterranean/Italianate architectural style.

The railroad depot holds significant importance to the town of McGehee, as the decision determined its location to establish the station there. This choice played a pivotal role in shaping the development and growth of the community.

Architecturally, the station exhibits the characteristics of Mediterranean and Italianate styles, which were popular during the early 20th century. The building features a single-story design with a cruciform plan, resembling an elongated rectangle. On one side, there is a projecting telegrapher's station, and a matching projection on the other side.

The station's red tile roof is a notable visual feature, adding to the Mediterranean aesthetic. The roof's spreading cornice, supported by Italianate brackets, enhances the building's appeal and architectural detailing.

The Mediterranean/Italianate architectural style drew inspiration from Italian and Mediterranean influences, often incorporating elements such as arched windows, ornate brackets, and decorative detailing. This style was favored for its romantic and picturesque qualities, evoking elegance and historical charm.

Preserving the Missouri Pacific Railroad Depot-McGehee is significant for its architectural and historical value. It serves as a tangible reminder of the town's connection to the railway and its impact on the community's development. The station's unique Mediterranean/Italianate style, red tile roof, and architectural details contribute to its distinctive character and make it a notable landmark in McGehee.

By maintaining and appreciating this historic railroad station, the community can honor its past, promote historical preservation, and celebrate the architectural heritage that has shaped the town's identity.

Missouri Pacific Railway Van Noy Eating House

• Missouri Pacific Railway Van Noy Eating House - The Missouri Pacific Railway Van Noy Eating House is a historic restaurant building located at the corner of Seamans Drive and Railroad Street in McGehee, Arkansas. Constructed around 1910 by the Missouri Pacific Railroad, this single-story brick building served as a dining establishment operated by the Van Noy Railway News and Hotel Company.

The Van Noy Eating House is a rare survivor among the few remaining buildings of its kind in the state. It played a significant role in providing dining services to passengers and railroad personnel during the early 20th century.

The building is divided into three sections: a central kitchen area, a lunch counter space on one side, and a dining room on the other side. This layout allowed efficient food preparation and service to cater to the needs of patrons.

Operating under the Van Noy Railway News and Hotel Company, the establishment served as a hub of activity, providing meals and refreshments to travelers and railroad workers passing through McGehee. It offered a convenient and comfortable space for individuals to dine and socialize during their journeys.

Unfortunately, the Van Noy Eating House ceased operations in 1948, marking the end of an era for this historic establishment. Despite its closure, the building's architectural significance and historical association with the Missouri Pacific Railroad continue to make it a notable structure within the community.

Preserving the Missouri Pacific Railway Van Noy Eating House is important for its historical value and its representation of the railroad's impact on the development of McGehee. The building serves as a tangible reminder of the town's connection to the railway industry and the services provided to travelers in the past.

By recognizing and maintaining this historic restaurant building, the community can celebrate its heritage, promote cultural preservation, and acknowledge the role of the Missouri Pacific Railroad in shaping the town's history.

Mound Cemetery

• Mound Cemetery - The Mound Cemetery is a historic cemetery located just outside Arkansas City, Arkansas, in Desha County. It holds significance due to its location on top of a Mississippian culture mound, offering a safe haven from periodic flooding by the Mississippi River. The cemetery is located off County Road 351, approximately half a mile outside Arkansas City and about 3 miles away from the river.

The origins of the mound can be traced back to the period between 1200 and 1600 AD, during the Mississippian culture. This prehistoric mound was created by indigenous peoples of the region and served various cultural and ceremonial purposes.

During the 19th century, when settlers arrived in the area, they discovered the safety and stability provided by the elevated mound, making it an ideal location for burials. It was reported that individuals digging new graves occasionally unearthed artifacts and earlier human remains, indicating the mound's ancient history.

The Mound Cemetery contains 78 historic graves, with the oldest known grave belonging to Rachel Horton, who passed away on March 15, 1866. These graves represent a historical record of the individuals and families who lived in and contributed to the local community.

While the cemetery has a rich history, it remains an active burial ground, maintaining its role as a place of remembrance and connection to the past. The site's association with both the Mississippian culture and the early American settlers highlights the cultural and historical layers that have shaped the region over time.

Preserving the Mound Cemetery is essential for honoring the memory of those interred there and recognizing the cultural significance of the Mississippian mound. The cemetery serves as a tangible link to the area's past, providing insight into the lives and experiences of those who came before.

By maintaining and respecting the cemetery, the community can ensure that its historical and cultural heritage is preserved for future generations, fostering continuity and appreciation for the region's rich history.

Parnell-Sharpe House

• Parnell-Sharpe House - The Parnell-Sharpe House is a historic residence located at 302 North 2nd Street in McGehee, Arkansas. Constructed in 1936, this 1+1⁄2-story brick house stands out in Desha County as a unique example of French Eclectic architecture, especially notable because it was built using local materials. The house was designed with red tapestry brick, showcasing its distinct appearance.

The house follows a roughly T-shaped plan, with a projecting element in the front (west) facade, which includes a tower topped by a conical roof. This architectural feature adds character and visual interest to the overall design. Adjacent to the tower, towards the north, is a single-story section initially intended to serve as a garage, but has since been converted into additional interior space.

The Parnell-Sharpe House was both built and occupied by Duren Sharpe and his wife, Mildred Parnell Sharpe. Duren Sharpe was a skilled craftsman who had taught himself various building trades, including bricklaying and carpentry. His expertise allowed him to construct numerous residential and commercial buildings in the McGehee area.

The house is a testament to Duren Sharpe's talent and contribution to the local built environment. Its French Eclectic style, combined with the use of red tapestry brick and the unique tower element, distinguishes it from other architectural designs in Desha County.

• R.A. Pickens II House - The R.A. Pickens II House is a historic residence situated at 1 Pickens Place in Pickens, Desha County, Arkansas. This 2+1⁄2-story brick house showcases a captivating architectural design. Its side gable roof extends over the front facade, forming a porch supported by square wooden columns featuring Doric elements.

The main entrance of the house is centrally positioned and boasts a keystone semicircular transom, complemented by matching sidelight windows. These architectural details add elegance and visual appeal to the overall design of the house.

Constructed around 1940, the R.A. Pickens II House incorporates elements from the former Pickens plantation house, which was originally built on the same site in the 1880s. The Pickens family, who still owned the house as of 2019, had a significant presence in Desha County and operated one of the largest plantations in the area.

The house is one of the finest examples of Colonial Revival architecture in Desha County. Its historical significance lies not only in its architectural beauty, but also in its connection to the Pickens family and the agricultural heritage of the region.

Xenophon Overton Pindall Law Office

• Xenophon Overton Pindall Law Office - The Xenophon Overton Pindall Law Office is a historic building located at the northeast corner of Capitol Street and Kate Adams Avenue in Arkansas City, Arkansas. It holds significance, as it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Xenophon Overton Pindall owned the law office, a prominent figure in Arkansas history. Pindall practiced law in the building before assuming the role of acting governor of Arkansas in 1907. His legal career and subsequent political endeavors contributed to the historical importance of this site.

The exact architectural details of the law office are not provided, but it can be assumed that the building reflects the architectural style prevalent during its construction period. The significance of this site lies primarily in its association with Xenophon Overton Pindall and its representation of the legal profession in Arkansas City during the early 20th century.

Rohwer War Relocation Center

• Rohwer War Relocation Center - The Rohwer War Relocation Center was a World War II Japanese American concentration camp located in rural southeastern Arkansas, specifically in Desha County. It operated from September 18, 1942, until November 30, 1945. The camp was established as part of the U.S. government's forced relocation and internment of Japanese Americans during the war.

The Rohwer camp held as many as 8,475 Japanese Americans who were forcibly evacuated from their homes primarily in California. These individuals, including men, women, and children, were subjected to incarceration and loss of their civil liberties based solely on their Japanese ancestry.

Life within the camp was challenging, as the internees faced overcrowded living conditions, limited resources, and restrictions on their freedom. However, despite these hardships, the camp community established schools, churches, and other essential facilities to maintain a semblance of normalcy.

The Rohwer War Relocation Center Cemetery, located within the camp grounds, holds the remains of those who died while interned at the camp. This cemetery serves as a somber reminder of the hardships and losses endured by the Japanese American community during this dark chapter in American history. In recognition of its historical significance, the cemetery was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1992.

The Rohwer War Relocation Center stands as a poignant reminder of the injustices suffered by Japanese Americans during World War II and serves as a testament to the importance of preserving and remembering this history to ensure that such violations of civil rights are not repeated in the future.

Temple Meir Chayim

• Temple Meir Chayim - Temple Meir Chayim is a historic Jewish synagogue located at the intersection of 4th and Holly Streets in McGehee, Arkansas. The two-story brick building was constructed in 1947 to serve the Jewish community residing in McGehee, Dermott, and Eudora. It holds significance as the first synagogue in southeastern Arkansas, despite the Jewish presence in the region dating back to the early 19th century.

The architectural style of Temple Meir Chayim is characterized as a restrained Romanesque Revival with Mission details. This style is evident in the building's design and features, showcasing elements such as rounded arches, decorative brickwork, and other characteristic details associated with the Romanesque and Mission architectural traditions.

The synagogue served as a central gathering place for the Jewish community, providing a space for worship, religious ceremonies, and community events. It played an essential role in preserving the religious and cultural heritage of the local Jewish population.

Temple Meir Chayim stands as a testament to the rich history and contributions of the Jewish community in southeastern Arkansas. Its construction and continued use demonstrate the resilience and determination of the community to maintain their religious and cultural identity. The synagogue's architectural style and historical significance contribute to its status as a notable landmark in the region.

Thane House

• Thane House - The Thane House is a historic residence located at the intersection of Levy and First Streets in Arkansas City, Arkansas. Situated overlooking the Mississippi River, this 1½-story Craftsman style house was constructed in 1909 for Henry Thane based on a design by Charles L. Thompson.

The house exhibits distinct features characteristic of the Craftsman architectural style. It boasts a tile roof with a steeply pitched gable dormer on the front facade, adding visual interest and architectural charm. The center entry is recessed, creating a sense of depth, while a projecting bay on one side is topped by a three-sided roof, adding architectural variety to the facade.

One notable aspect of the Thane House is its attention to detail. The eaves feature exposed rafter ends, a characteristic trait of the Craftsman style, which showcases the craftsmanship and emphasizes the natural materials used in construction. Additionally, the front gable of the house incorporates false half-timbering, a decorative element often found in Craftsman homes, which adds a touch of visual appeal.

The Thane House holds historical significance as a well-preserved example of Craftsman architecture in Arkansas City. Its design and style represent the architectural trends of the early 20th century, and it stands as a reminder of the craftsmanship and attention to detail that characterized this era.

Trippe Holly Grove Cemetery

• Trippe Holly Grove Cemetery - Holly Grove Cemetery is a historic cemetery located southeast of McGehee, Arkansas, on the south side of Crooked Bayou Drive. It serves as the sole surviving remnant of the community of Trippe Junction, which was established in 1857 by the families of William Fletcher Trippe and Benjamin McGehee.

Originally, Trippe Junction flourished around a railroad spur line constructed in 1877. The presence of the railroad led to the development of a small town. However, by the 1920s, the town experienced economic decline, resulting in the failure of its businesses. By 1930, all but one building had succumbed to fire.

Adjacent to Holly Grove Cemetery stood the Holly Grove Methodist Church, which was often the site of funeral services for the community. Unfortunately, the church served as a school until it burned down in 1913.

In 1958, a group of citizens raised funds to support the maintenance and upkeep of the cemetery. The Desha Historical Society erected a bicentennial marker at the entrance in 1974, further commemorating its historical significance.

The cemetery is divided into two sections, with Arkansas Highway 4 running between them. The northern section remains active for burials, while the southern section contains 90 historic graves. It is bordered by a golf course to the west, a pasture to the east, and Crooked Bayou to the south. Visitors can access the cemetery through a narrow dirt road that forms a U shape.

Holly Grove Cemetery bears witness to the passage of time, with the oldest known grave belonging to Benjamin Scott McGehee, an infant who lived for one month in 1862. Notably, the cemetery is the resting place for many immigrants born in Europe. It is also the final resting place of Claude W. James, a prominent figure in Trippe Junction who owned several businesses and rode with Theodore Roosevelt and his Rough Riders.

The southern section of Holly Grove Cemetery was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1999, recognizing its historical and cultural significance to the region.

Dr. J.D. Watts House

• Dr. J.D. Watts House - The Dr. J.D. Watts House is a historic residence located at 205 West Choctaw Street in Dumas, Arkansas. It is an exceptionally preserved example of a transitional Queen Anne/Colonial Revival architectural style that was popular during the early 20th century.

The house, constructed around 1909 by a Mr. Williams, was later purchased by Dr. James David Watts in 1918 when he relocated to the area. The 1+1⁄2-story timber-framed house showcases several distinctive architectural elements. Its roof is a hip roof design, featuring cross-gable dormers on the sides and rear, as well as a prominent projecting gable-end dormer on the front facade. The front dormer stands out with a Palladian window, and the surrounding walls are adorned with diamond-cut and fish-scale shingles. The gable itself is intricately decorated with jigsaw-cut boards, adding to the overall visual appeal of the house.

A notable feature of the Dr. J.D. Watts House is the single-story porch that wraps around both sides of the house. This porch is supported by Tuscan columns, enhancing the overall elegance and providing a welcoming entrance. The front entry is flanked by sidelight windows and pilasters that support an entablature, contributing to the architectural grandeur of the house.

The Dr. J.D. Watts House stands as a testament to the architectural craftsmanship and design of the time period. Its well-preserved condition showcases the rich history and style of the Queen Anne and Colonial Revival architectural movements.

National Protected Areas

• White River National Wildlife Refuge (part) - a 160,756 acres wildlife refuge located in Desha, Monroe, Phillips, and Arkansas counties. The refuge is managed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. White River NWR borders on Cache River National Wildlife Refuge at its northern boundary. In 1974, the White River Sugarberry Natural Area was designated as a National Natural Landmark by the National Park Service.

Notables

• Isaac George Bailey was born in Arkansas City, Arkansas around 1846. He was an educator, Baptist minister, and member of the Arkansas legislature. He served in the Arkansas House of Representatives in 1885, representing Desha County. His photograph was taken as one of the 1885 Arkansas House members. The caption says he was a Republican, and Tillar Station was his post office.
• Susie Elvie (Bailey) Thurman was a notable person because of her many accomplishments and contributions to society. She was the first non-white student to earn a bachelor’s degree in music from Oberlin College, Ohio. She became the first African-American woman to have an audience with Mahatma Gandhi and was inspired to promote non-violent resistance as a means of creating social change. She helped establish the first interracial non-denominational church in the United States and served as spiritual counselor to many of those on the front lines of the Civil Rights Movement. She also wrote books and newspaper articles to preserve the black heritage and initiated the publishing efforts of the National Council of Negro Women (NCNW). She participated in international peace and feminist conferences and established museums such as the Museum of Afro-American History in Boston.
• Joseph Richard Coulter Jr was born on August 18, 1924 in Popular Bluff, Missouri and later lived in Desha County, Arkansas. He was a notable inventor and entrepreneur who co-founded Coulter Corporation with his brother Wallace in the 1950s. The company was founded on the patented Coulter Principle, an electronic, automated way of counting and measuring the size of microscopic particles. This technology, used in the Coulter Counter analyzers, forever changed clinical diagnostics and medical research by eliminating the labor-intensive and often fallible method of manually counting blood cells. Joseph Coulter Jr. was an inventor and co-inventor of several of the company’s earliest patents, and continued to play an active role in the engineering and design of most of the company’s major product lines. He lived the company’s mission - “science serving humanity” - and, in his later years, focused additional efforts on cancer and AIDS research.
• Wallace Henry Coulter was born on February 17, 1913 in Little Rock, Arkansas, but raised in McGehee. He was an American electrical engineer, inventor, and businessman. The best known of his 85 patents is the Coulter principle, which provides a method for counting and sizing microscopic particles suspended in fluid. His invention of the Coulter Counter made possible today's most common medical diagnostic test: the complete blood count (CBC). The Coulter principle is used in quality control of consumer products, such as chocolate and beer, paint and toners, and was even used to analyze moon dust.
• Susie E. (Ford) Bailey, a pioneering figure in Arkansas, led a remarkable life of service and philanthropy. She is a notable figure in Arkansas due to her remarkable contributions to education, philanthropy, and community development. As a mixed-race woman born into challenging circumstances, she defied societal expectations and became a trailblazer in her pursuit of knowledge and empowerment. Through her career as a teacher, she inspired countless students and dedicated herself to expanding educational opportunities. Moreover, her financial aid to numerous young individuals seeking higher education showcased her commitment to uplifting others. Susie's philanthropic efforts, including her generous donation to the National Council of Negro Women and the establishment of libraries in her family's honor, demonstrated her desire to preserve history, empower future generations, and create a lasting impact. Her legacy as a social and religious worker, as well as her unwavering dedication to service, continue to inspire and make her a truly notable individual in Arkansas history.
• Betty Jeanne (Grayson) Guerriero, better known as Gail Davis, was born on October 5, 1925 in Little Rock, Arkansas, but was raised in McGehee. She was an American actress and singer, best known for her starring role as Annie Oakley in the 1950s television series Annie Oakley.
• Vernon Carlton Haynes was born December 17, 1910 in Arkansas City, Arkansas. He was an American football and basketball player and coach. He served as the head football coach at Louisiana College in 1940 and at The Apprentice School in Newport News, Virginia from 1949 to 1950. Haynes was also the head basketball coach at Tulane University from 1942 to 1945. He played college football at Tulane University, where he was a member of the 1931 Tulane Green Wave football team, which played in the 1932 Rose Bowl.
• James Hines was born on September 10, 1946 in Dumas, Arkansas. He was an American track and field athlete and National Football League (NFL) player, who held the 100-meter world record for 15 years. In 1968, he became the first man to officially break the 10-second barrier in the 100 meters, and won individual and relay gold at the Mexico City Olympics.
• John Harold Johnson was born on January 19, 1918 in Arkansas City, Arkansas. He was an American businessman and publisher. Johnson was the founder of the Johnson Publishing Company, headquartered in Chicago, Illinois. Johnson's Ebony (1945) and Jet (1951–2014) magazines are among the most influential African-American businesses in media beginning in the second half of the twentieth century. In 1982, Johnson became the first African American to appear on the Forbes 400. In 1987, Johnson was named Black Enterprise Entrepreneur of the year.
• Caldwell Jones was born on August 4, 1950 in McGehee, Arkansas. He was an American professional basketball player. He played for the Philadelphia 76ers in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He shares with Julius Keye the ABA's all-time record for blocked shots in a game with twelve.
• Sheilla Joyce (Ezelle) Lampkin was born on August 23, 1945 in Rohwer, Arkansas. She was an American politician and Democratic member of the Arkansas House of Representatives representing District 9 from January 14, 2013 until her death on July 23, 2016. Lampkin served consecutively from January 2011 until January 2013 in the District 10 seat.
• Seth Jefferson McKee was born on November 6, 1916 in McGehee, Arkansas. He was a United States Air Force general who served as Commander in Chief, North American Air Defense Command/Commander in Chief, Continental Air Defense Command from 1969 to 1973.
• Christian Heinrich Thane was born February 10, 1850 in Germany. He and later settled in Arkansas City, Arkansas. He was a wealthy businessman and bank owner in Arkansas. His Craftsman-style home, Thane House, was designed by Little Rock architect Charles L. Thompson. He was elected to the Arkansas Senate and represented Desha and Chicot counties.
• Robert Blair Stobaugh Jr was born on 15 October 1927 in McGehee, Arkansas. He was an American educator noted for his research into energy economics and corporate governance.
• Xenophon Overton Pindall was born on August 21, 1873 in Monroe County, Missouri. He was an Arkansas City lawyer, served as acting governor of Arkansas from May 15, 1907, to January 11, 1909. His law office is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
• Henry Lawrence Poole Jr was born on October 10, 1915 in McGehee, Arkansas. He was an All-American basketball player at the University of Arkansas. Hailing from McGehee, Arkansas, Poole lettered three years in football, track and basketball at Arkansas. During his time in Fayetteville, Poole led the Razorbacks to two Southwest Conference titles and was twice named first team All-Conference. As a senior in 1936, Poole was named a consensus All-American and was an alternate on the 1936 Olympic basketball team.

Records and Resources

• United States Resources
• Arkansas State Genealogy Resources
• Wikipedia for Desha County, Arkansas
• FamilySearch - Desha County, Arkansas
• Encyclopedia of Arkansas - Desha County

Sources

• Heartstone Legacy, (n.d.). "Desha County, Arkansas History and Genealogy." Accessed 25 Jun 2023.
• Home Town Locator, Arkansas Gazetter, (n.d.). "Local maps, data and resources." Accessed 25 Jun 2023.
• 1889 Map of Desha County, 1889. "1889 Map of Desha County, Arkansas." Accessed 25 June 2023.
• Bureau of the Census. “Desha County section of" Arkansas Minor Civil Divisions "map.” in the United States Census of Population 1930.42, Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, 1934.
• FamilySearch, (n.d.). "7th Battalion, Arkansas Infantry (Desha) - Confederate." Accessed 25 June 2023.
• Wikipedia Contributors. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, last edited on 4 Jun 2023. "List of Arkansas Civil War Confederate units." Accessed 25 Jun 2023.
• FamilySearch, (n.d.). "6th Regiment, Arkansas Militia - Confederate." Accessed 25 Jun 2023.
• Allbritton, Orval E. “The Third Arkansas Regiment from Formation to Fredericksburg.” The Arkansas Historical Quarterly 16, no. 2 (1957): 150–62. "The 3rd Arkansas Regiment." Accessed 25 Jun 2023.