Adrienne (Cuvelier) Cuvellier (abt. 1590 - 1655)

Born about 1590 in Valenciennes, Graafschap Henegouwen, Spaanse Nederlanden (now France) [uncertain]

Ancestors

Wife of Ghislain Vigne — married 1608 in St Waast La Haut, Valenciennes, Nord, France

Wife of Jan Jansz Damen — married 30 Apr 1632 in New Amsterdam, New Netherland

Descendants

Died May 1655 at about age 65 in New Amsterdam, New Netherland

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Biography

Adrienne Cuvelier (also known as Cuvellier, Adrianna Cuvilje, Adriana Cuveille, Adriana Cuvalje, Adrienne Cuvelier, Ariaentje Cuevillier, and Ariantje Cuviliers, Airientje Cuvulje) was born between 1585 and 1596 in Valenciennes, Provence du Flanders, France.^[1] She married Guillaume Vigne between 1610 and 1613 probably in France or Belgium. Their children were: Maria Vigne, Christina Vigne, Rachel Vigne, Abraham Vigne, Sara Vigne, Rachel Vigne and Jan Vigne. She emigrated 25 January 1624 from Amsterdam to New Amsterdam with husband and three daughters on the De Eendracht. ^[1]or the Nieuw Nederland. She married Jan Damen about 1632 in New Amsterdam. ^[1] She died in May 1655. ^[1]

Ariaentje Cuvilje and her family were central to the first generation of Dutch families in New Netherlands. For that reason there is a need for some context in reporting her biography.

Church Records

Children baptized in Leiden, the Netherlands:

1. 2 September 1618 Rachel, daughter of Ghilain Vignier and his wife. Witnesses: Antoine Hardewin and his wife, Ghilain Hardewin and Gertrude Quinze.
2. 26 September 1619 Abraham and Sara, children of Gileyn Vinoist and Adrienne Cuvelier. ^[2]
3. 26 December 1621 Abraham, son of Guillain Vivier and Adrienne Cuvelier. Witnesses: Charlie Bailieu and Jean Collas and the wife of Jean Adam. ^[3]
4. 19 March 1623 Rachel, daughter of Guillain Vigne. Witnesses: Henri Lambert, Pierre de Fache and Marguerite Vigne. ^[4]

Witness at baptisms in New Netherland:

1646 10 Jun Jannetje, Cornelis Van Tienhoven, Secrts. Wit.: De Hr. Willem Kieft, gouvneur, Adriaen Nuvielle, Jannetje Adriaens.

1649 17 Jan Lucas, Corn. Van Tienhoven, Secretaris. Wit.: Jan Janszen Damen, Adriaen Van Tinehoven, Adriaentie Kuypers. ^[5]

Nord-Pas-de Calais

A portrait of early New Netherlands through the eyes of Guleyn Vigne (1590 -1632) and Ariaentje Cuvilje (1590 -1655); Immigrant Ancestors.

Guleyn (Guillaume) Vigne and Ariaentje Cuvilje were both born about 1590 in Valenciennes, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, France. Nord-Pas-de-Calais was part of the “Low Countries” that gradually became part of France

Nord-Pas-de-Calais or, Nord for short, is one of the 22 regions of France. It consists of the departments of Nord and Pas-de-Calais, in the north and has a border with Belgium. Most of the region was once part of the Southern Netherlands, within the Low Countries, and gradually became part of France between 1477 and 1678. The historical provinces now included in Nord-Pas-de-Calais are Artois, Boulonnais, Calaisis, Cambraisis, French Flanders, French Hainaut and portions of northern Picardy.

Valenciennes an early center of Calvinism which became supressed To set the stage Valenciennes (French pronunciation: valɑ̃sjɛn) is a “commune” in the Nord department in the north-eastern part of France. It lies on the Scheldt (French: Escaut) river on the southern border of Belgium.

Valenciennes was an early center of Calvinism and in 1562 was location of the first act of resistance against persecution of Protestants in the Spanish Netherlands. On the "Journée des Mals Brûlés" (Bad Burnings Day) in 1562, a mob freed some Protestants condemned to die at the stake.

The "révolte des gueux" - the Dutch Revolt - (1568–1648) was the successful revolt of the Protestant Seventeen Provinces of the defunct Duchy of Burgundy in the Low Countries against the ardent militant religious policies of Roman Catholicism pressed by Philip II of Spain. The religious 'clash of cultures' built up gradually but inexorably into outbursts of violence against the perceived repression of the Habsburg Crown. These tensions led to the formation of the independent Dutch Republic. The first leader was William of Orange, followed by several of his descendants and relations. This revolt was one of the first successful secessions in Europe, and led to one of the first European republics of the modern era, the United Provinces.

Valenciennes, with its manufacturers of wool and fine linens, was able to become an economically independent city.ii Adrienne and Guillaume were Walloons from Valenciennes, France Walloons are a French-speaking people who live in Belgium, principally in Wallonia. The population is of mixed ancestry; the Walloons are the direct descendants of the Celtic Belgae tribe that fought against Julius Caesar's invasion of Gaul in 57 B.C. Over time the Belgae absorbed Germanic and French elements. This mixture of the Celtic Belgae and Germans produced the Walloons. More generally, the term also refers to the inhabitants of Wallonia. They speak regional languages such as Walloon or Picard.iii

When I think about the contributions made by the Walloons to the culture of New Netherlands and how that progressed forward in to their pioneering, frontier communities, I find it worth reflecting on the historical depth and consistency of their Belgaic traits. Consider:

Julius Caesar describes Gaul at the time of his conquests (58 - 51 BC) as divided into three parts, inhabited by the Aquitani in the southwest, the Gauls of the biggest central part, who in their own language were called Celtae, and the Belgae in the north. Each of these three parts were different in terms of customs, laws and language. He noted that the Belgae, being farthest from the developed civilization of Rome and closest to Germania over the Rhine, were the bravest of the three groups, because "merchants least frequently resort to them, and import those things which tend to effeminate the mind".

A Walloon church describes any Calvinist church building in the Netherlands and its former colonies whose members originally came from the Southern Netherlands and France and whose native language is French. Members of these churches belong to the Walloon Reformed Church, long-distinguished from the Low German or Dutch-speaking Dutch Reformed Church.iv

The Original settlement in New Netherland

The early course of building at the new settlement is pretty well known. The original log blockhouse with its surrounding palisades undoubtedly occupied a part of the site of the later Fort Amsterdam, that is to say it stood within the space embraced by the present Bowling Green, Whitehall, Bridge and State streets in Manhatten.

Clustering around this structure were the small cabins of the first settlers most of whom were Indian traders. Many of these cabins were destroyed soon after the larger fortifications were staked out, as expressed in a letter of 1626. The remainder of the thirty dwelling houses which had been built before the close of that year were apparently scattered in the vicinity of the blockhouse in such positions as had been chosen by the builders, no system of streets existing as yet, and the houses possibly not being considered as permanent.

Afterwards in a few instances these earliest settlers received grants of the plots where they had built cabins. This caused some irregularity and inconvenience in the ground plan subsequently adopted.

These early cabins are said to have been of bark. They were probably duly framed of hewn timber but owing to the lack of saw mills at this time had been covered after the fashion of shingling with the thick bark of the chestnut or of other suitable forest trees. The roofs were all thatched with the native reeds.

Emigration

The mother of the first white male child born in New Netherlands, based on the testimony of the Journal of the Labadist missionaries Danker and Sluyter, was Ariaentje Cuvilje, otherwise Adrienne Cuvellier, a native of Valenciennes in France. Sometime before 1614 she had become the wife of Willem Vinje (Guillaume or Gulian Vigne) who was an early trader between the cities of the European continent and the Indians of the Americas. Their family was one of the first to be established in the vicinity that later became New Netherland.

The Vinje family settled there even before the Rapaljes and the De la Granges.v Adrienne and Guillaume’s four children
Guleyn Vigne and Ariaentje Cuvilje were married about 1614. She and Guleyn had four children. Their daughter Christina Vignevi was our ancestor.

1. Their son Jean was born in the future New Netherlands in 1614. vii He was probably the first white child born in New Netherland
2. Maria, who was married to Abraham Verplanck, who played a critical role in the affairs of the colony
3. Our Christine married the hardy, independent-minded Swede Dirck Holgersen (Volckertsen) before 1632
4. Rachel, the wife of Cornelius van Tienhoven, the Secretary of the colony, and one of its most influential characters.

The statement has often been made that Sarah the daughter of Joris Rapalje was the first white child born in New Netherland. This statement is based upon an allegation made by her in a petition to the Council asking for a grant of land in 1656. Without discussing the value of this document as evidence an examination of it will show that she merely describes herself a the first bom Christian daughter in New Netherland.

The Labadist account

Our information upon this point is derived from the Journal of the Labadist missionaries Danker and Sluyter. Their Journal we owe to the labors of Hon. Henry C Murphy in Vol I of the Memoirs of the Long Island Historical Society. Danker and Sluyter visited New York in 1679.

While in the town they lodged with one Jacob Hellekers the site of whose house is now occupied by the building No 255 Pearl Street near Fulton Street.

Note : later in it's history Pearl Street Station was the first central power plant in the United States. It was located at 255-257 Pearl Street in Manhattan on a site measuring 50 by 100 feet, just south of Fulton Street. It began with one direct current generator, and it started generating electricity on September 4, 1882, serving an initial load of 400 lamps at 85 customers. By 1884, Pearl Street Station was serving 508 customers with 10,164 lamps. The station was built by the Edison Illuminating Company, which was headed by Thomas Edison. They were, therefore, near neighbors to Jan Vinje with whom they soon became acquainted. He was then, they tell us, about sixty five years of age. Jan was prominent man, well known to all the citizens, many of whom had themselves resided in the town and had been intimately acquainted with him for from thirty to forty years. It was the common understanding that he was the first person born in the colony and the date of his birth would therefore go back to the year 1614.

A conflicting view is that Adriana Cuveille and Guillaume Vigne resided at at Leuden, Netherlands, in 1623 and that Adriana Cuveille immigrated in 1624 to New Netherlands aboard the "Eendracht."ix

His parents so the Labadists inform us were Guillaume Vigne and his wife Adrienne Cuville from Valenciennes in France. How they came to be at New Amsterdam in the early days of the trading post we do not know but there is certainly nothing improbable in the assertion that a trader or an officer of the post should have had his family with him at New Amsterdam.

In the mouths of their Dutch neighbors the husband became known as Willem Vinje and his wife as Adriana Cuvilje. There is reason to believe that Willem Vinje was the first tenant of the farm laid out north of the present Wall Street by the West India Company and that he died there in 1632.

His widow married Jan Jansen Damen with whom the farm is more generally associated.

At the date last named, we are informed by an instrument in the Albany records of the four children of Willem Vinje and his wife. Two were married at that time:

• Maria to Abraham Verplanck
• Christina to Dirck Volckertsen

NOTE: We don't know much about Dirck Volckertszen before 1630. He was said to be a ship's carpenter. His Norwegian origins are virtually a certainty, based on the fact he was often called Dirck De Noorman [Dutch:Norseman]. Several other immigrants in New Amsterdam were called "De Noorman." All of them were documented as immigrating from Norway.

Two of the Vinje children, Rachel and Jan, were minors in 1632, as both of the latter, however, were married within the next six years,

• Rachel married the Secretary Van Tienhoven, they must have been in the latter years of their minority in 1632
• the age of Jan Vinje according to the Labadists which would have been seventeen or eighteen at that time is thus confirmed.

Jan Vigne, first child of European descent, brewer and leading citizen There is every reason to believe Jan Vinje enjoys the distinction of having been the first child of European parentage born in New Amsterdam or in New Netherland. His Dutch neighbors called him Jan Vinje while his family probably called him Jean. He was widely considered a leading citizen of New Amsterdam.

The farm of Secretary Van Tienhoven lay along the river front at Smits Vly. He sold off various plots of the low lying ground along the road. One of these plots covered the sites of the present buildings Nos 225 to 231 Pearl Street together with a portion of the modern Platt Street. This plot of ground becomes of interest as having been for many years the residence and the seat of the brewing operations of Jan Vinje.

The plot of ground we are considering with its brew house came into the possession of Jan Vinje about the year 1664, that building having been erected a few years before and at some date between 1656 and 1660 it had passed through the hands of two or three individuals who do not appear to have met with success in its management and Vinje probably acquired it through the foreclosure of a mortgage.

A partial description of the premises has been preserved to us. At the southwestern corner of the plot upon ground now partly embraced in Platt Street and partly in the modern building No 225 Pearl Street, at the northwest corner of Platt, stood its mill house, while the brewery itself appears to have occupied a rear position in the spacious enclosure which was about eighty feet front by one hundred and sixty in depth. Both of these buildings were erected a short time after the period of our survey.

The dwelling house itself which in all probability stood upon a part of the ground now covered by the buildings Nos 227 and 229 Pearl Street appears to have been constructed by Secretary Van Tienhoven in 1647. His building contract with the carpenter Rynier Dominicus is still extant and affords some curious specifications. The house was to be thirty feet long by twenty feet wide on the inside it was to have an outlet or entry eight feet wide right through. The story of the front room nine and one half feet high that of the back room twelve and one half feet with five cross beams with girders and one without. The entry was to contain the usual bedstead built in. The exterior chimney was to be of timber and the beams of the small structure were to have the capacious cross dimensions of ten inches by seven.

Vinje remained in possession of this property until the summer of 1684 when he sold it to Nicholas de Meyer, in whose family it continued for many years. The old buildings seem to have been removed or destroyed before 1712 as a deed of the property executed in that year mentions it as ground upon which lately stood a messuage (dwelling) with a brew house and mill house.

The premises remained during the greater portion of the eighteenth century only partly built upon and at the time of the British occupation of New York during the War of the Revolution they were occupied by the barracks of the Hessian troops.

Ariantje remarried in 1632 The family had considerable disruptions during Jan Vigne’s early years. His father apparently died while Jan was still quite young. Following Jan’s father’s death, his mother remarried Jan Jansen Damen, and as a result Damen became Jan’s stepfather. Guleyn (Guillaume) Vigne died before 1632, when Jan Jansen Damen married his widow.x

In 1638, the stepfather evicted two of Jan’s older sisters with their respective husbands from the family residence. And it is assumed that the stepfather’s disruptive presence caused Jan’s younger sister, Rachel, to marry Cornelis Van Tienhoven, when she was only 16 years old in 1939.

Jan Jansen Damen of Bunick died in 1651. Ariaentje Cuvilje died in 1655. "

Antenuptual and prenuptual agreementsxi A contract for the marriage of Adriana Cuveille and Jan Jansen Damen, a prenuptual agreement, was signed about 30 Apr 1632. There was also an antenuptual settlement by Adrienne Cuvijle on her children by her deceased husband Gulluame Vigne. "Dirck Volgersen Noorman and Arianetje Cevelyn, his wife's mother, came before us in order to enter into an agreement with her children whom she has borne by her lawful husband Willem Vienje, settling on Maria Vienje and Christina Vienje both married persons, on each the sum of two hundred guilders, and on Resel Vienje and Jan Vienje, both minor children, also as their portion of their father's estate, on each the sum of three hundred quilders; with this provision that she and her future lawful husband Jan Jansen Damen, shall...be bound to bring up the above named two children until they attain their majority...and be bound to clothe and rear the aforesaid children...to keep them at school and to give them a good trade, as parents ought to." This agreement dated "the last of April 1632," but was not recorded until May 7 1638. The editor Van Laer, was of the opinion that "the year 1632, given as the date of the document, is probably wrong and should be 1635 or later.

Adriana (Ariantje) married Jan Jansen Damen, son of Jan Cornelisz Damen and Aaltje Jans, on 7 May 1638. Damen, sometimes referred to as "Old Jan," was employed as the church warden and also had a sizable tract of land west of the Vigne's. This union combined their previously-held properties, giving Adrienne and Jan ownership of a very large bouwerie. It extended from Pine Street north to Maiden Lane, and from the East River to the Hudson River. Maiden Lanereceived its name in New Amsterdam, as Maagde Paatje, a "footpath used by lovers along a rippling brook", a "pebbly brook" that ran fromNassau Street to the East River. where wives and daughters washed linen... (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiden_Lane_%28Manhattan%29)

Adriana Cuveille died in New Amsterdam, New York County, New York between 1655-1659.xii Jan Damen’s drunken brawl It was not all cakes and beer at the sign of the White Horse, however. In 1644, part of a shipment of wine, the whereabouts of which became a subject of investigation by the authorities, was shown to have found its way to Philip Geraerdy's cellar; and here too men of more consideration than the general run of his customers occasionally resorted such, for instance, as Jan Damen the thrifty farmer just out of town, whose well managed farm lay in part between the present Maiden Lane and Wall Street. Philip duly appreciated such clients, and when Jan Damen became unsteady upon his legs, would obligingly see him home when the road was dark. He did this upon one occasion to his great inconvenience as he tells. It was a very dark night in the spring of 1643 when they reached Jan Damen's farmhouse not far from the present Pine Street. That individual seems to have been in a rather quarrelsome mood for Geraerdy had taken the precaution to draw his guest's sword from its scabbard and to carry it himself. At the house they found Jan Damen's serving man in a very unamiable temper at being waked between twelve and one o clock and he threatened to shoot his employer. “Finally,” says Philip, “the above Damen and his servant Dirck began to fight, the man having a knife, and Jan Damen a scabbard over which Jan Damen fell backwards, the opponent having his drawn sword in his hand for the purpose of separating them. Jan Damen stood up and jumped into the house he returned immediately with a knife and as it was very dark. Jan Damen struck the opponent under the shoulder blade - the surgeon declared it to be a pretty dangerous wound.

Changing economic and political context in the 1640s in New Netherlands Along the Hudson, New Netherland had begun to flourish despite years of being hamstrung by the West India Company's monopoly and mismanagement. The company continued to run the settlement chiefly for trading, with the director-general exercising unchecked corporate fiat backed by soldiers. New Amsterdam and the other settlements of the Hudson Valley had developed beyond company towns to a growing colony. In 1640, the company finally surrendered its trade monopoly on the colony and declared New Netherlands a free-trade zone. Suddenly Kieft was governor of a booming economy.

Director General Kieft wanted the Indians to pay a tribute The directors of the Dutch West India Company were unhappy. Largely due to their mismanagement, the New Netherlands project had never been profitable. The company's efforts elsewhere, by contrast, had paid handsome returns. The directors were anxious to reduce administrative costs, chief among which was providing for defense of the colonies.

Within this category were two strategies of note:

1. half-freedom was granted to a group of black slaves who were granted land north of the wall, thus creating a buffer between New Amsterdam and the the Indain lands
2. land "purchase" agreements were executed with the Native American nations who historically had inhabited the lands. (These were payments for recognition of common rights to use of the land, in return for friendly relations and mutual defense.)

Kieft land Grant- William Kieft, an early governor of New Amsterdam, granting a parcel of land to some of the slaves who had helped the colony fight Native Americans. http://www.garethhinds.com/nyhs.htm

Black "Half Freedom" was a cost-cutting and revenue generating measure for the Colony In 1644, Groot Manuel, Dorothy Creole, Paolo Angola and several other long-time slaves petitioned the Dutch West India Company’s director, Willem Kieft, for their freedom. He granted it, saying that they had been promised freedom for a long time, and could not take care of their families if they remained slaves. He freed the men’s wives as well. He gave the families plots of land north of town in an area that became known as the Land of the Blacks.

Kieft did this largely to create a buffer zone to protect New Amsterdam from an English or Indian attack.

The blacks were called free, but they were not as free as the white people who lived in New Amsterdam. Unlike white's, they had to pay a tax every year, or donate some of their crops at the market, and be ready to serve the colony again if they were needed. Maybe worst of all, their children remained slaves. Historians later called this “half freedom.”

However, the blacks were no longer enslaved. Nearly 20 years after he was stolen from his ship, Groot Manuel was a man who owned property and had some say over his life. He could keep the small amount of money he earned, beyond what he owed to the colony. He could live in a community with other black people, away from white families. His farm covered much of what is now Washington Square Park.

From New Amsterdam’s earliest years, enslaved people were black and free people were white, but the lines between the two were not as sharply drawn as they became later. There were cases of Dutch and African people marrying each other in the Dutch Reformed Church. Captain de Fries, a Dutch sea captain who came to New Amsterdam to help fight the Indians, had a son named John with a black or mixed-race woman. After the captain died, Dorothy and Paulo, his two former slaves now "half-free", were put in charge of young John de Fries’s money and property and helped to raise him the deceased white man's son.

Kieft's actions toward Blacks were intended to convey benefits. The same cannot be said of his actions toward the native peoples. Kieft's 2nd plan to reduce costs was to solicit tribute payments from the tribes living in the region. Long-time colonists warned him against this course, but he pursued it, to outright rejection by the local sachems, or chiefs. Build-up to War with the Indians

Determined to force more deference, Kieft seized on the pretext of several incidents, all of which . in his view, justified war:

The pigs stolen by colonists was used as justification to attack an Indian village First was the case of some pigs stolen from the farm of David de Vries. Kieft responded by sending soldiers to raid a Raritan village on Staten Island, killing several Indians. When the band retaliated by burning down de Vries' farmhouse and killing four of his employees, Kieft "put a price on their heads". He offered bounty payment to rival Native American tribes for the heads of Raritan. Later, colonists determined de Vries' pigs were stolen by other Dutch colonists.xiii Killing of Swiss colonist in retaliation for European ambush used as pretext In August 1641, Claes Swits, an elderly Swiss immigrant, was killed by a Weckquaesgeek of his long acquaintance.xiv Swits ran a popular public house, frequented by Europeans and Native Americans in what is today Turtle Bay, Manhattan. The murder was said to be a matter of the native's paying a "blood debt" for the murder of his uncle. He had been the sole survivor of an ambush of Weckquaesgeek traders by Europeans 15 years before. Kieft was determined to use the event as a pretext for a war of extermination against the tribe.

Adding alchol to the mix didn’t help matters

Another incident raising tensions took place at Achter Kol along the banks of the Hackensack River. Settlers to the new factorij (A factory or smallsettlement , from which trade was operated with the motherland), after having plied local Hackensack with alcohol, engaged in a small but fatal conflict when the loss of missing coat escalated, causing the death of the foreman.xv

The Council of Twelve Men

Kieft formed the Council of Twelve men, the first representative body in New Netherland, but ignored its advice. The Council was a group of 12 men chosen on 29 August 1641 by the residents of New Amsterdam to advise the Director Kieft, on relations with the Native Americans due to the murder of Claes Swits. Although the council was not permanent, it was the first form of democracy in the Dutch colony. The next time a council was created it was a council of eight men.

The 3 Questions

The councilmen were asked 3 questions:

• Whether it is not just to punish the barbarous murder of Claes Swits committed by an Indian and, in case the Indians refuse to surrender the murderer at our request, whether it is not justifiable to ruin the entire village to which he belongs?
• In what manner the same ought be put into effect and at what time?
• By whom it may be undertaken?

Colonists recommend civil approach

The colonists did not counsel war, as desired by Willem Kieft. They proposed a friendly request to be sent to the Indians to surrender the murderer. The colonists had lived in peace with the Native Americans for nearly two decades, becoming friends, business partners, employees, employers, drinking buddies, and bed partners. The Council was alarmed about the predictable consequences of Kieft's proposed crusade. They reasoned that the Native Americans were far more numerous than the Europeans and could easily take reprisals against European life and property. As importantly, the Native Americans supplied the furs and pelts that were the economic lifeblood and the raison d'etre of the colony.

Council began to make recommendations on a wider range of issues With David de Vries as its President, the council not only sought to persuade Kieft away from war. They also began to advise on other matters, using the new Council as a means to press colonist interests with their corporate rulers. They called for establishing a permanent representative body to manage local affairs (as was traditional by then in the Netherlands). Because Willem Kieft was not happy with the reply of the council of twelve, he disassembled the council on February 8, 1643 and issued a decree forbidding them to meet or assemble. Our ancestors were closely associated with the council members Jan Jansen Damen, Charity’s 5x (step) great grandfather was a member of the Council of Twelve Several of the twelve council members had dealings with our ancestors: • Abraham Ver Planck was the brother-in-law of our ancestor Christine Vigne Volckersten • Maryn Adriaensen was closely associated with Jan Damen, and may have borrowed money from him. Also, on the Van Arsdale side, Maggie’s 5x great grandfather, the tobacco merchant Claes (Nicholas) Cornelissen van Schouw was a witness to the sale of Adriaensen's plantation in 1640. • Frederick Lubbertsen and Jacob Stoffelsen: Maggie’s 5x grandfather Gerret Wolfersen Van Kouwenhoven bought the land between theirs in 1647. • Joris Jansen Rapelje: Maggies 2x great aunt Aeltje Van Arsdalen married into the Rapelje family Other members of the Council were David Pietersen de Vries (chairman), Jacques Benteyn, Gerrit Dircksen, Hendrik Jansen, Jochem Pietersen Kuyter, and Abram Molenaar.

Jan Jansen Damen role in the Council of Twelve

Jan Jansen Damen was a member of the Committee of Twelve and signed the petition for leave to attack the Wechquaskeek Indians that the majority of the Committee rejected to no avail.

Kieft closed the Committee down but still needed an appearance of justification Kieft had forbidden the committee which they had appointed from holding any meetings and he knew very well that if he should call them together again they would in all probability disapprove of a general massacre of the Indians. He concluded under these circumstances to adopt what was perhaps one of the most impudent tricks ever devised by men in authority to try to give an appearance of justification to their own unwarrantable acts. The plan for a petition and the “Shrovetide Dinner” There was much public gossip respecting a certain Shrovetide dinner about this time, February 1643, at the farmhouse, on Broadway near the present Pine Street, of Jan Damen, one of the Committee of Twelve. At the dinner were Kieft, Cornelis van Tienhoven (the secretary) and Abraham Verplanck, two of the sons-in-law of Damen and also Maryn Adriaensen a sort of dependant and debtor of the latter. The Shrove pancakes were, it was said, washed down with mysterious toasts to the success of some great enterprise which was on foot. The wording of the petition A petition was entered upon the minutes of the Council in the following remarkable terms: To the Honorable Willem Kieft, Director-General of New Netherland and his Honorable Council “The whole of the freemen respectfully represent that though heretofore much innocent blood was spilled by the savages without having had any reason or cause therefore, yet your Honors made peace on condition that the chiefs should deliver the murderer into our hands (either dead or alive), wherein they have failed up to the present time the reputation which our nation hath in other countries has thus been diminished, even notwithstanding innocent blood calleth aloud to God for revenge; we therefore request your Honors to be pleased to authorize us to attack the Indians as enemies, whilst God hath delivered them into our hands for which purpose we offer our persons. This can be effected at one place by the freemen and at the other by the soldiers, Your Honor's Subjects Signed MAKYN ADKIAENSEN; JAN JANSEN DAMEN; ABM PLANCK Lower stood By their authority CORNS VAN TIENHOVEN Secretary

An atrocity by the Dutch followed in the form of a massacre and then the Indians retaliated with force

The savage massacre of the Indians followed and then the swift retaliation upon the Dutch, which in the course of a few months reduced the thirty or forty farmhouses on Manhattan Island to four or five, which still remained standing and which drove in the survivors of the Indian depredations to dwell in huts of straw around Fort Amsterdam.

Makyn Adriaensen closely associated with Jan Damen

Upon taking up his residence in the Smits Vly at New Amsterdam in the summer of 1641, Makyn Adriaensen seems to have become rather closely associated with his well-to-do neighbor, Jan Jansen Damen, whose farm adjoined the rear of his own plot upon the west. He was perhaps in some sort a dependant of Damen, the latter having loaned him 1000 guilders upon the purchase of his house in the Smits Vly. Participants in the Shrovetide Dinner Makyn Adriaensen formed one of the party at Jan Damen's farmhouse near Broadway at the famous “Shrovetide dinner” in 1643, at which, according to popular belief, the massacre of the Indians was planned by Director General Kieft with Damen and the two sons in law of the latter, Cornelis van Tienhoven the secretary and Abraham Verplanck. Question as to Adriaensen role in signing the petition and the possibility that he may have been duped It is at any rate certain that Adriaensen with Jan Damen and Verplanck were either signers of the remarkable document prepared about this time, and entered on the Council Minutes, calling in the name of the whole community for the murder of the Indians, or else their names were affixed to it by van Tienhoven himself. Whether Maryn Adriaensen had full knowledge of this business, or whether he was in a condition at the time not to know much of anything, he has the unenviable distinction of heading the petition and of receiving the license to commit murder granted thereon by Director General Kieft. When in the course of a few days after the slaughter of the Indians, the smoke of burning farmhouses and the reports of massacres of the colonists by the natives had shown Kieft that his great scheme had miscarried he promptly set about carrying out a further part of his plan; namely, that of shifting the blame from his own shoulders to those of his previously selected scapegoats. He accordingly issued a sort of manifesto of which the following is a portion:

“Some persons delegated by the people petitioned us to be allowed to take revenge while those savages were within our reach, apparently delivered in our hands by Divine Providence. We entertained an aversion to bring the country into a condition of uproar, and pointed out to those persons the consequences to result from their design, particularly with regard to those whose dwellings were situated in exposed places, as our forces were too few to attempt to defend every house with a sufficient number of soldiers, and we also presented to them other considerations. They, however, persisted in their desire and told us that if we refused our consent the blood would come upon our own heads, and we finally found ourselves obliged to accede to their wishes and give them the assistance of our soldiers And these latter killed a considerable number as did also the militia on their side” …

Maryn Adriaensen, a rabble rouser, attacks the Director General over “devilish lies” Maryn Adriaensen was no lamb to be led quietly to the slaughter in this manner; on the contrary, he was a man of a bold and violent disposition like his ancestors, the Flemish sea rovers. He had, in fact, hardly taken up his residence in New Amsterdam when he fell into trouble … charged by the fiscal with having drawn a knife upon some person with whom he had a quarrel. When Adriaensen heard that the Director General was attempting to unload the responsibility for the Indian massacre mainly upon his shoulders, his rage knew no bounds, and he immediately started out to have satisfaction from Kieft.

On the 21st of March, 1643, Robert Penoyer, a young man who was doubtless one of the English soldiers in the garrison and off duty being “in the tavern” - probably either the Great Tavern upon the shore or Philip Geraerdy's tavern on the Marckveldt - saw Lysbet Tyssens, Maryn Adriaensen’s wife, enter the tavern in a state of great perturbation crying that her husband would kill the commander. "Go and catch him!" Penoyer thereupon made his way into the fort, and into the Director's house, where he found Adriaensen with a pistol cocked advancing upon the Director General, and crying “What devilish lies are these you are telling of me?” Some person present, however, seized Maryn's pistol while Penoyer took his sword from him and he was immediately placed under arrest.

Within a short time, however, a serving man of Adriaensen, one Jacob Slangh, appeared at the fort to avenge his master and fired a pistol at the Director General but without effect. Slangh was thereupon fired on and killed by a sentry in the fort and his head was afterwards affixed to a gibbet. gibbeting refers to the use of a gallows-type structure from which the dead or dying bodies of executed criminals were hung on public display to deter other existing or potential criminals. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbeting Kieft complains about being criticized by prominent citizens As for Adriaensen, his cause was warmly espoused by some of the principal men of the Colony, among others by the Pastor Evarhardus Bogardus, and in the excited state of public opinion it caused Kieft to complain as follows: “Then you embraced the cause of that criminal, composed his writings and took upon yourself to defend him. But nevertheless he was sent in chains to Holland, on which account you audaciously fulminated on the subject during a fortnight and dishonored the pulpit by your passionate behaviour.” Kieft to Domiuie Bogardus 2 January 1646

Kieft ordered attacks on Indians taking refuge from inter-tribal conflicts to the north and a massacre resulted

Expansionist Mahican and Mohawk in the North who were armed with guns traded by the French and English had driven Weckquaesgeek and Tappan south, where they sought protection from the Dutch, the year before. Kieft refused aid despite the company's previous guarantees to the tribes to provide it. The refugees made camp at Communipaw (in today's Jersey City) and Corlaers Hook (lower Manhattan).

After he at first accepted the peace offerings of Weckquaesgeek elders, Kieft launched an attack on camps of refugee Weckquaesgeek and Tappan. In the initial strike, since called the Pavonia Massacre, 129 Dutch soldiers descended on the camps and killed 120 Native Americans, including women and children. This occurred on February 23, 1643, two weeks after dismissing the Council. He then ordered the Dutch West India Company soldiers to attack nearby Indian encampments at Pavonia and Corlears Hook on February 25, 1643. De Vries Journal describes the atrocity Having opposed the attack, de Vries described the events in his journal: "Infants were torn form their mother's breasts, and hacked to pieces in the presence of their parents, and pieces thrown into the fire and in the water, and other sucklings, being bound to small boards, were cut, stuck, and pierced, and miserably massacred in a manner to move a heart of stone. Some were thrown into the river, and when the fathers and mothers endeavored to save them, the soldiers would not let them come on land but made both parents and children drown..." Algonquian peoples united in response to the Dutch massacre http://cdn6.wn.com/pd/73/62/af4c902b4d6587ad9bb480fc5570_grande.jpg

The attacks united the Algonquian peoples in the surrounding areas against the Dutch to an extent not previously seen. Escalating attacks and retaliations by the Indians and the Dutch West India Company soldiers during the next two years became known as Kieft's War and led to a near devastation of the New Netherland settlements on Staten Island, Long Island, and at Pavonia. A force of 1500 Indians mounted a counter offensive in the fall In the fall of 1643, a force of 1,500 natives invaded New Netherland, where they killed many. The sparse colonial forces were helpless to stop the attacks. The native forces destroyed villages and farms, the work of two decades of settlement. The Dutch forces pushed back as refugees flooded in to New Amsterdam and pressure mounted for Kieft to step down That winter the Dutch forces killed 500 Weckquaesgeek. As New Amsterdam became crowded with destitute refugees, the colony moved to open revolt against Kieft. They flouted paying new taxes he ordered, and many people began to leave by ship.

English mercenaries hired by the Dutch to burn the Indian villages in Connecticut, killing 1000

The Dutch ended the immediate threat to Manhattan several months later, with the help of English mercenaries, in the same bloodthirsty manner in which the war had started. Governor Kieft hired the English mercenary and veteran of the recent Pequot War, John Underhill, for 25,000 guilders.

Underhill brought with him two companies of 120 to 150 volunteers and Mohegan scouts to go against the Natives there and in Connecticut. His forces killed more than 1,000 Natives. They attacked a village near Stamford, killing 20 Indians, then moved on to a Canarsie village where they killed 120. Near Greenwich they attacked and burned a big village at night, killing more than 500 Indians, most of them by fire.

After some 500 Indians were killed on Long Island, the governor declared a day of thanksgiving. Underhill's army also attacked Indian encampments north of Stamford, Connecticut, killing some 700 people before sunrise on a single day. Underhill again had fulfilled his bloody reputation as the "scourge of the Indians" and exercised his unusual Christian belief that "Scripture declareth women and children must perish with their parents." xvi The War set back the Dutch Colony a full generation and dessimated the Indians More than two years passed before peace was restored. The war took a huge toll on both sides and the war was a terrible setback for the New Amsterdam and Long Island colonies. The population of all the Long Island tribes in 1600 was estimated at 10,000. The effects of warfare and sickness reduced this population to 500 by the year 1659. Manhattan's European population dwindled to 250, less than it was in 1630, but the natives were too spread out to mount more effective strikes. The two sides finally agreed to a truce when the last of the eleven united tribes joined in August of 1645. After their private letters requesting intervention by the directors of the Dutch West India Company and the Republic produced no result, the colonists banded together to formally petition for the removal of Kieft. “We sit here among thousands of wild and barbarian people, in whom neither consolation nor mercy can be found; we left our dear fatherland, and if God the Lord were not our comfort we would perish in our misery.” – Excerpt from the petitionxvii

Kieft was fired, and perished in a shipwreck near Swansea on his way back to the Netherlands.xviii

The Rensselaerswyck patroonship, which lay outside the territory of the Lenape, was unscathed, and profited from the conflict. Cornelius van Tienhoven.

Rachel Vigne, the youngest of Adrienne and Guillaume’s three daughters, was the wife of Cornelis van Tienhoven (1601-1656 ?). In 1648, at the age of 47, he married the 16-year old Rachel.

The event was succinctly characterized by the receipt it produced:

"Cornelis van Tienhoven . . . in my capacity as husband and guardian of Ragel Vienje, . . . acknowledge that I am fully satisfied and paid by Jan Jansen Damen the sum of once three hundred Carolus guilders to which the aforesaid Ragel Vienjee . . . was entitled by way of inheritance from her father Gulyn Vienjee, according to the contract made between her mother Adriaenje Cuveljeers and Jan Damen." http://www.fulkerson.org/1tienhov.htm

The Plantation

Cornelis and his young family lived on a "plantation" at Smits Vly [Smith's Flat] on the East River shore, north of Wall Street. His land was on the northern edge of his in-laws' bouwerie, extending west from Broadway to the East River, and north from Maiden Lane to about Fulton Street. His address was about 227-229 Pearl Street, near where it intersects Maiden Lane. The current New York City street called Pine Street, in the Wall Street financial district, was known as Tienhoven Street during the 1600s.

Outline of Tienhoven’s career

Tienhoven was secretary of the New Netherlands from 1638 to 1656 and as such one of the most influential people in New Amsterdam, and in many instances served as the Director's "right hand man". Van Tienhoven arrived in New Amsterdam as a Dutch West Indies Company accountant in 1633 on the same ship as the new director of the colony Wouter van Twiller. He was promoted to 'schout-fiscaal' (usually translated as secretary) with the arrival of Director Willem Kieft in 1638. His actions appear to have helped launch Keift’s War against the Indians. As described above, Van Tienhoven’s role in that had a very negative effect on the relationship of the colonists and the native people, instigating devastating retaliatory raids by the latter.

Van Tienhoven retained the title 'schout-fiscaal' under Peter Stuyvesant in 1647. During the 1649 mission of Adriaen van der Donck to the Netherlands to plead to the Netherlands States-General for local governance for New Amsterdam's residents, Cornelis van Tienhoven also went as the representative of Peter Stuyvesant and argued against it. When New Amsterdam was granted the right to establish a local government in 1652, he became the first schout in the colony. His last misdeed, when Stuyvesant was on a visit to the Dutch colony in Delaware, seems to have been leading to the Peach Tree Warxix. A villainous character At first glance, it would seem that Cornelis was a propertied, well-established pillar of the community. And he was considered to be intelligent, subtle and sharp-witted. The population of New Amsterdam knew him better, though, as a "thickset" man with a "red and bloated" face who was "given to lying, promising everyone." One wrote, "the whole country cries out against him bitterly as a villain, murderer and traitor. " He was, some said, the most atrocious character in the history of Manhattan, bar none. xx

It was also widely suspected that he was cooking the books, and, excepting the two directors he served under (the corrupt and autocratic Kieft, then the honest and autocratic Pieter Stuyvesant), Van Tienhoven was loathed by nearly everyone else in the New World. Besides mentioning that Van Tienhoven’s wife was “reputed to be a whore,” a popular broadsheet of the period depicted him as a serpent: “Those whom he stings he laughs at, and while he flatters he bites.”xxi

A womanizer

Cornelis was known as a womanizer. He dressed as an Indian "with a little covering" and chased after the many "light women" of New Amsterdam. In 1649, long after he married and began a family, he took a lengthy trip back to Holland to offer his explanation why the colony was not progressing. While there, he "became engaged" to a young lady named Liesbeth Croon. The unsuspecting girl accompanied him on his travels in Holland and on the two-month voyage back to America, expecting to marry him at the end of the journey. When their ship, the Waterfront , tied up at New Amsterdam, he suddenly became a family man again. Such was his influence among the corrupt officials in the colony that no one would listen to the poor girl's tale of betrayal.

Treacherous and Cruel

In the spring of 1640, some parties of Raritan Indians attacked a Company trading boat near Staten Island and stole a canoe. They were also accused of stealing some swine. The pigs were actually stolen by some sailors who blamed the Indians for the theft. In mid-July, Director Kieft sent Van Tienhoven on an expedition (with 50 soldiers and 20 sailors) to confront the Raritans. Their orders were to force a peace, or, failing that, to take prisoners and destroy the Raritans' corn crop. On his arrival at their village, they refused Van Tienhoven's demand for restitution of the alleged losses.

Van Tienhoven then turned to his troops, told them that he would not be responsible if they violated his orders, and he began to walk away. He hadn't gone far when the soldiers acted on his hint and suddenly attacked the Raritans by surprise, killed a few and captured several others. One captive, the chief's brother, was tortured "in his private parts with a split piece of wood. "

Within six weeks the Raritans responded with an attack on Staten Island colonists, killing four and burning a house and some tobacco sheds. Kieft responded by contacting several other tribes and letting them know he would pay a large bounty in wampum for every head of a Raritan they brought to him. The Raritans made peace with the Dutch before the year was out.

Van Tienhoven’s role leading the raid that launched Kieft’s War

In the attack that set off Kieft’s War, Van Tienhoven led a party of 80 armed men across the river near present-day Hoboken and commenced the worst massacre in the history of the New Netherlands.

Ariaentje Cuvilje’s disgraceful approval

After another successful (and again brutal) Dutch raid against the Canarsie tribes on Long Island, the severed heads of several victims were carried on sticks back to the fort. When one of the heads tumbled to the ground, Van Tienhoven’s mother-in-law, Ariaentje Cuvilje, gave it a gleeful kick. Though many were aghast at the woman’s action, Kieft laughed heartily.

Name

Name: Ariaentje Adriana /Cuvelier/^[6][7][8]

Adrienne /Cuvellier/^[9][10] Ariaentje /Adriana Cuvellier/ aka Adriana Cuvellier ^[9]

Ariaentje / Cuvel ^{[11][12][13][14]}

Adrienne /Curvellier/ ^[15]

Birth

Birth: Date: 1589 / 1590 Place: Valenciennes, Nord, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, France ^{[6] [7]}

1586 Valenciennes, Nord, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, France ^[11][13]

1590 Valenciennes, Nord, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, France ^[9]

Marriage

1600 of NY ^[9]

Marriage: Date: 1608 Place: Valenciennes, Nord, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, France

1609 Fr ^[9]

30 APR 1632 New Amsterdam, Now, New York, United States ^[11]

Arrival

1634 New York, New York, USA ^[12][6]

Residence

Residence: Place: USA ^[6]

Death

1655 New Amsterdam, New York, United States ^[10]

1655 New York, New York ^[15]

May 1655 in New Amsterdam, New York, United States

Death: Date: MAY 1655 Place: New Amsterdam,New York, USA or New Netherland ^[6]

Sources

1. ↑ ^{1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3} Source: S525 Early New Netherland Settlers - rootsweb.com: Robert Gordon Clarke Cites: Early Settlers of Bushwick, by Andrew J Provost Junior, page 20; New Netherland Connections, October 1997, Volume 2 Number 4, page 91; Descent from Seventy Nine Early Immigrant Heads of Families, by James S Elston, 1962, page 111; Ancestors and Descendants of Samuel E Bradt, by Bertha G Bradt, 194,3 page 10. - Cites: Record, April 1996, page 93.
2. ↑ Source: Erfgoed Leiden en Omstreken Bron Archiefnr 1004 scan baptism Abraham and Sara Vinoist 26 September 1619 Leiden Right page from bottom up 3d entry Archiefnaam Dopen Waalse Kerk Inventarisnummer 270
3. ↑ Erfgoed Leiden en Omstreken Baptism Abraham Vivier 26 December 1621 right page, 11 th entry from top down Bronvermelding Dopen Vrouwekerk 1599 - 29 juli 1627., archiefnummer 1004, Dopen Waalse Kerk, inventarisnummer 270 Gemeente: Leiden Periode: 1599-1627
4. ↑ Source:Erfgoed Leiden en omstereken Bron Archiefnr 1004 Archiefnaam scan Baptism Rachel Vigné 19 March 1623 Leiden Left page from bottom up 3rd entry Dopen Waalse Kerk Inventarisnummer 270
5. ↑ Thomas Grier Evans. "Baptisms from 1639 to 1730 in the Reformed Dutch Church, New York." In Collections of the New-York Genealogical and Biographical Society. Vol. II. New York: Printed for the Society, 1890.
6. ↑ ^{6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4} Source: 56 Author: Ancestry.com Title: Public Member Trees Publication: Name: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc.; Location: Provo, UT, USA; Date: 2006; Repository: R1 Page: Database online. Data: Text: Record for Adrienne Cuvellier, Record for Jean Cuvellier, Record for Christina Vigne
7. ↑ ^{7.0 7.1} Source: S256 Author: Yates Publishing Title: U.S. and International Marriage Records, 1560-1900 Publication: Name: Ancestry.com Operations Inc; Location: Provo, UT, USA; Date: 2004; Repository: R2 Page: Source number: 8226.011; Source type: Pedigree chart; Number of Pages: 20
8. ↑ Source: S104 Title: Ancestry Family Trees Publication: Name: Online publication - Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com. Original data: Family Tree files submitted by Ancestry members.; Repository: R2 Page: Ancestry Family Tree
9. ↑ ^{9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4} Source 244420631 Title: U.S. and International Marriage Records, 1560-1900 Repository: R-269701050 Author: Yates Publishing Publication: Online publication - Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2004.Original data - This unique collection of records was extracted from a variety of sources including family group sheets and electronic databases. : Note: Ancestry 30080 Note: ancestry 306901 Ancestry 306905
10. ↑ ^{10.0 10.1} Source: S1 Author: Ancestry.com Title: Public Member Trees Publication: Name: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc.; Location: Provo, UT, USA; Date: 2006; Repository: R1 Page: Database online. Data: Text: Record for Jan Corneliszen Damen
11. ↑ ^{11.0 11.1 11.2} Source 59 Author: Yates Publishing Title: U.S. and International Marriage Records, 1560-1900 Publication: Name: Online publication - Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.Original data; Repository: R1 Page: Source number: 8226.011; Source type: Pedigree chart; Number of Pages: 20; Submitter Code: Page: Source number: 612.000; Source type: Electronic Database; Number of Pages: 1; Submitter Code: EEL.
12. ↑ ^{12.0 12.1} Source 60 Author: Gale Research Title: Passenger and Immigration Lists Index, 1500s-1900s Publication: Name: Online publication - Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc, 2010.Original data - Filby, P. William, ed. Passenger and Immigration Lists Index, 1500s-1900s. Farmington Hills, MI, USA: Gale Research, 2010.Original data: Filby, P. William, ed. Passenge; Repository: R1 Page: Place: New York, New York; Year: 1634; Page Number: .
13. ↑ ^{13.0 13.1} Source: S3 Author: Heritage Consulting Title: Millennium File Publication: Name: Online publication - Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2003.Original data - Heritage Consulting. The Millennium File. Salt Lake City, UT, USA Repository: R1
14. ↑ Source: S88 Page: Ancestry Family Trees
15. ↑ ^{15.0 15.1} Source: S86 Abbreviation: Millennium File Title: Heritage Consulting, Millennium File (Online publication - Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2003.Original data - Heritage Consulting. The Millennium File. Salt Lake City, UT, USA: Repository:R1

• Van Laer, Arnold J. F., Kenneth Scott, Kenn Stryker-Rodda, and Charles T. Gehring. 1974. New York historical manuscripts, Dutch. Register of the Provincial Secretary, 1638-1642. p. 12, 199.

• Wardell, Pat A. Early. Early Bergen County Families: Damen: Adrienne Cuvellier. Genealogical Society of Bergen County, NJ, P.O. Box 432, Midland Park, NJ 07432. webpage: https://www.njgsbc.org/gsbc-research-resources/bergen-county-families.

• Wardell, Pat A. Early. Early Bergen County Families: V.pdf. Genealogical Society of Bergen County, NJ, P.O. Box 432, Midland Park, NJ 07432. webpage: https://www.njgsbc.org/gsbc-research-resources/bergen-county-families.

• "Ariaentje Cuvillje (Adrienne Cuvellier) Matriarch of New Amsterdam" by HF Seversmith, National Gen Soc Qtrly, XXXV/3, Sept. 1947 p-65/69 on citing family problems and tree.

• van ardalee family - provides an illustrated biography

• Source 2064673105 Title: OneWorldTree Repository: R-2068617806 Author: Ancestry.com Publication: Online publication - Provo, UT, USA: MyFamily.com, Inc.

• Source 269701049 Title: Ancestry Family Trees Repository: R-269701050 Publication: Online publication - Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network. Original data: Family Tree files submitted by Ancestry members. Repository R-269701050 Name: Ancestry.com Ancestry62 (facts) Text: ancestry 32 (facts)

• Source: S102 Abbreviation: Passenger and Immigration Lists Index, 1500s-1900s Title: Gale Research, Passenger and Immigration Lists Index, 1500s-1900s (Online publication - Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc, 2010.Original data - Filby, P. William, ed. Repository: R1
• Source: S139 Abbreviation: U.S. and International Marriage Records, 1560-1900 Title: Yates Publishing, U.S. and International Marriage Records, 1560-1900 (Online publication - Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.Original data - This unique collection of records was extracted from a variety of sources including family group sheets and electronic databases. Repository: R1

• Source: S156 Abbreviation: Ancestry Family Trees Title: Ancestry Family Trees Online publication - Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com. Original data: Family Tree files submitted by Ancestry members. Repository: R1 Ancestry Family Trees Data: Text: Ancestry 1770

• Source: S256 Abbreviation: Colonial families of Long Island, New York and Connecticut : being the ancestry & kindred of Herbert Title: Ancestry.com, Colonial families of Long Island, New York and Connecticut : being the ancestry & kindred of Herbert Furman Seversmith ... (Online publication - Provo, UT: The Generations Network, Inc., 2005. Repository: R1

• Source: S257 Abbreviation: Scandinavian Immigrants in New York, 1630-1674 Title: Scandinavian Immigrants in New York, 1630-1674 Subsequent Source Citation Format: Scandinavian Immigrants in New York, 1630-1674 BIBL Scandinavian Immigrants in New York, 1630-1674. Repository: R1

• Source: S258 Abbreviation: U.S. Map Collection, 1513-1990 Title: Ancestry.com, U.S. Map Collection, 1513-1990 (Online publication - Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2005.Original data - See source or bibliographical info attached to each map. Repository: R1

Needs paraphrasing

• Ariaentje Cuvilje ( Adrienne Cuvellier ), Matriarch of New Amsterdam By Herbert F. Seversmith, Washington D.C.

The mother of the first white male child born in the New Netherlands, if we are to believe the testimony of Labadist missionaries Danker and Sluyter, was Ariantje Cuvilje, otherwise Adrienne Cuvellier, a native of Valenciennes, France. Sometime before 1614 she had become the wife of Willem Vinje (Guillaume or Gulian Vigne), an early trader between the cities of the European continent and the Indians of the Americas; and their son, Jean, was born in the future New Netherlands in 1614. Ariantje was in any event one of the earliest settlers of Nieuw Amsterdam, and was in that settlement before even the Rapaljes and the De La Granges.

At first Adrienne Cuvellier resided on a farm near the present Wall and Pearl Streets in New York; but after the death of Guillaume Vigne she was living outside the Wall (het Cingel) in the larger of two houses on the east side of the present Broadway, and which were the fifth and sixth houses portrayed on the Castello plan of 1660. In this place she resided continuously from at least 1632 until her death in 1655.

Guillaume Vigne died before 30 April, 1632, on which date a report was filed by William Weyman and Jan Tomaszen Groen, referees, as to the settlement of the estate made by "Ariantje Cevely" (sic) upon her children. The same day she married Jan Janszen Damen, a prominent burgher of New Amsterdam, and a friend of the Director Willem Kieft. Kieft leased two parcels of land to Jan Janszen Damen 19 April 1638, for 6 years (Ca. Hist. MSS. Dutch, I. A fuller transcript of this Dutch record is contained in Bulletin, Bibliography 46 issued by the New York State Education Department, Albany, N.Y., 1910).

During this time Jan Janszen Damen had trouble with his step-children, which assumed somewhat violent proportions. He instituted court proceedings 21 July 1638 against Abraham Isaacszen ver Planck and Dirck Volkertszen (Holgersen), to have them ordered to quit his house, and to leave him master thereof. Volkertszen countered with a suit for assault, and was ordered by the court to give proof. On the next day, 22 July 1638, Morrits Janszen and Peter de Mey testified before the court regarding an attempt of Jan Damen to throw Dirck Volkertszen's wife "out of doors." This was Adrienne's daughter, Christina. However, as Christina was a sponsor with her step-father 25 May 1642 at the baptism of Susanna, daughter of her brother-in-law Abraham Isaacszen ver Planck, these family differences appear to have been resolved.

Nevertheless Adrienne Cuvellier lived in stormy surroundings. One of her sons-in-law was Cornelis van Tienhoven, who upon the advent of Willem Kieft to the governorship of the New Netherlands, had been made Secretary of the colony, in 1638. In 1640 the governor developed a policy of free trade, designed to encourage immigration; but the manner in which the policy was executed, together with the indiscretions of the stupidly undiplomatic governor, promoted dangerous relations with the Indians. Kieft's attempt to collect a tribute from the Algonkin tribes in the vicinity of Manhattan island provoked the Indian hostilities of 1641-1645. Adrienne, living in her stone house outside of the Wall, must have been concerned for the safety of her relatives and friends, if not for herself, many a night.

The colonists, perceiving that Kieft's methods were leading to disaster, organized a movement whereby they would havea voice in the government. In August, 1641 the governor called an assembly of the heads of families in the neighborhood of Fort Amsterdam to consider the problems of relationships with the Indians. This assembly chose a board of twelve men to represent it, and Jan Janszen Damen served thereon as one of the Great Burghers. Subsequently the board demanded certain reforms, but Kieft later denied its authority to exact promises from him, and discharged them. At another crises in 1643, Kieft was obliged to call a second assembly of the inhabitants. This time a board of eight men, of which Jan Janszen Damen was again a member, was chosen to confer and advise with the governor. It denied his right to levy certain war taxes, and when it had in vain protested to him against his arbitrary measures, it sent a petition in 1644 to the States-General for his recall, and this was granted.

However, high feeling existed between the Dutch and the Indians; and it has been said of Adrienne Cuvellier that when one of her sons-in-law returned from the massacre of the Pavonia Indians in February, 1643, with thirty prisoners and also heads of several of the defunct enemy, she "forgetful of those finer feelings that do honor to her sex, amused herself in kicking about the heads of the dead men which had been brought in a bloody trophies of the midnight slaughter."

During this time, Jan Janszen Damen had become one of the wealthy townsmen of New Amsterdam. He was one of the owners of the privateer, La Garce; and on 25 April 1644 his property is described as bounded by Wall street south, except for a small amount at the corner of Broadway and Wall (northeast ; and on the west side of Broadway, north of the churchyard -Thames St. boundary- to Fulton street; and to Maiden Lane on the east side and falling just short of the East River. He also had extensive land beginning approximately at Duane street and extending as far north as Lispenard, of irregular form, from roughly West Broadway to Elm street) (See Liber GG, p. 91, Albany, New York).

On 5 August 1638 Cornelis Dirckszen was plaintiff against Adriaene Cuvelzeers as the entry was given in the records; judgement was given for the plaintiff. This variant of the surname, so given in the printed record, was undoubtedly actually written as Cuveljeers, although as the original record has been destroyed, we cannot prove it. Nevertheless, this affords definite indication of the actual maiden name of this ancestress. Under the name of Ariaentje Jans she was sponsor in the Reformed Dutch church in Manhattan, 6 September 1643 to the baptism of Jacob Wolfertszen; on 10 June 1646, her name misprinted as Adriane Nuvielle (sic!), together with the governor, Willem Kieft and Jannetje Adrians, she was sponsor at the baptism of Jannetje, daughter of Cornelis van Tienhoven; as Adriaentje Kuypers (for an explanation of this see NOTES following), together with her husband Jan Janszen Damen and Adriaen van Tienhoven she was sponsor, 17 January 1649 to the baptism of Lucas, son of Cornelis van Tienhoven; as Ariaentje Dames, with Dirck Volkertszen and Rachel van Tienhoven, she was sponsor at the baptism, 23 April 1651 of Fytje, daughter of Jan Hermanszen Schut; and this seems to have been the last time she was a sponsor.

On 12 December 1649, Jan Janszen Damen made his will. He mentions his wife, but not by name; the son of his deceased sister Hendrickje Jans, now living with the testator and called Jan Corneliszen Buys, alias Jan Damen; brothers (that is, of the testator), Cornelis Janszen Buyper, Cornelis Janszen Damen and William Janszen Damen; sister, Neltje Jans Damen; mentions the poor of Bunnick in the diocese of Utrecht; real estate and personal property. On 21 June 1651, is recorded the appointment of Areantje Cuvilje, widow of Jan Janszen Damen, of curators of her estate. Subsequently on 13 Septmenber 1651 of the same year, Jan Vinje bought a lot of the estate on the east side of Broadway.

We read no more of Adrienne Cuvellier except that she died in 1655; on 25 November 1658, Anthony Moore, burgher of New Amsterdam, acknowledged to owe Jan Vigne, son of the deceased Adriane Cuvilie; Abraham ver Planck, who married Maria Vigne; and Augustyn Heermans, attorney for Dirck Volkertszen who married Christina Vigne, and also Rachel Vigne, wife of Cornelis van Tienhoven, joint heirs of the said Adriana Cuvilie, their deceased mother, the amount of 1,031 gulders and 5 stuyvers; for the purchase of a certain brewery and lot, situated on Maiden Lane. A dispute arose as to the partition of the estate among the heirs, which was settled 23 January 1660.

New Amsterdam and Its People by John H. Innes, p. 306 :