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Nicolas Denys (bef. 1603 - bef. 1688)

Gouverneur Nicolas "La Grande Barbe" Denys aka Denis
Born before in Tours, Touraine, Francemap
Ancestors ancestors
Husband of — married 1 Oct 1642 in Sainte-Marguerite, La Rochelle, Aunis, Francemap
Descendants descendants
Died before at about age 85 in Paris, Francemap [uncertain]
Profile last modified | Created 28 Jan 2013
This page has been accessed 3,219 times.
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Nicolas Denys is an Acadian.
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«Genealogies linking Nicolas Denys to Frederick Gilman Forsyth (or Forsaith), alias "Frédéric Gregory Forsyth de Fronsac" alias "Forsyth de Fronsac" alias "Viscount de Fronsac" are false, as evidenced by noted Montreal Genealogist Yves Drolet of Le Regroupement des anciennes familles.» [1]

Contents

Biography

Flag of France
Nicolas Denys migrated from France to Acadia.
Flag of Acadia

Nicolas Denys, born in France, was a settler, entrepreneur, soldier and leader in Acadia for over half a century. He was also appointed governor and lieutenant-general of Cape Breton, Île Saint-Jean and other islands in the gulf of St Laurence. « While he is perhaps best known for founding settlements at Saint-Pierre (now St. Peter's, Nova Scotia), Ste. Anne (Englishtown, Nova Scotia) and Nepisiguit (Bathurst, New Brunswick), his lasting legacy is his writings about the early Acadian era from 1632 to 1670. » [1] [2]

Early Life in France
Nicolas, son of Jacques Denys and Marie Cosnier, was baptized 2 June 1603 in the parish of Saint-Saturnin, at Tours, France.[3][4] His exact date of birth is unknown. « He was sixth of ten children. His father was a member of French nobility - a counselor to Henry IV and accredited in the jurisdiction of Tours (écuyer, conseillier du roi et licencié en l'élection de Tours). Nicolas' maternal grandfather was a furrier and Gentleman of the Bed Chamber (pelletier et valet de chambre du roi) to Henri IV.»[5]

Denys, in his youth, acquired knowledge in fishing, navigation, the lumber industry and administration and became a merchant in La Rochelle. In 1632 he was recruited by Isaac de Razilly to join an expedition destined for Acadia, whose aim was to establish a colony.[6] “Denys’ charge was to begin building up Acadian fisheries, the fur trade, and an export lumber trade with France.”[5] As early as 1636, three individuals divided the territory of Acadia. At Port-Royal and Pentagoet. Charles de Menou d'Aulnay deals a little with agriculture, but especially with furs. At the Saint-Jean River and at Cap Sable, Charles de Saint-Étienne de La Tour engaged in the slave trade. In the region of La Hève, Nicolas Denys engaged in the trade of fishing, fur and wood.[7]

Life in Acadia
Upon his arrival in Acadia in 1632 , Denys started a sedentary fishing operation at Port Rossignol (now Liverpool, NS) and in 1635 he founded and operated, with his brother Simon, the first Canadian lumber industry in La Hève. That year he returned to France to recruit more settlers. Nicolas married Marguerite De Lafitte at La Rochelle in 1642.[8] They had 7 children:[9]

  1. Marie ca 1643-/1687
  2. Nicolas 1644-
  3. Marguerite ca 1645-1654
  4. Jacques 1646-
  5. Richard 1647-1691
  6. Charles 1648-
  7. Jacques 1650

Nicolas Denys returned to Acadia about 1645 with his wife and children (Marie, Nicolas, and maybe Marguerite).[5] In spite of the fact that many of his efforts were hindered by the rivalry between the Lords d’Aulnay and Charles de Saint-Étienne de la Tour, and he faced financial ruin due to war, fire and heavy costs, he pursued his work of pioneering for the next forty years. Among his many other accomplishments were the following :

  • Built a fortified fishing and trading post in Miscou Harbour (Little Shippegan, NB) and in Chedabouctou (Guysborough, NS)
  • Settled in Cape Breton with his brother Simon for fishing and trading where they restored the abandoned Fort Sainte-Anne and rebuilt Fort Saint-Pierre. “Nicholas, Simon, and their group of colonists became the first permanent French settlers on Cape Breton Island.”[5]
  • Established a settlement in Nepisiguit (Bathurst, NB)
  • Was “... granted a seigneury of all lands between Cape Canso and Cape Rosier (just north of the Gaspe Peninsula) and a monopoly on the right to establish fixed fisheries in Acadia. Under this arrangement Denys became Lord Proprietor and Governor of Cape Breton Island.”[5][10] “This vast territory included Cape Breton as well as the Îles de la Madeleine, Île Saint-Jean (Prince Edward Island), and all other islands in the gulf.”[6] Denys managed the fisheries, farms and lumber mills established on his land.

After a fire destroyed his home and business at Saint-Pierre, Denys, now 70, and financially ruined, moved with his family in 1670 to the post he had built in Nepisiguit. He tended his garden, grew fruit trees and wrote about his life in Acadia. He returned to France to have his study published in 1672, in two volumes. They were titled Description geographique et historique des costes de l'Amerique septentrionale avec l'histoire naturelle du païs.[11] and Histoire naturelle des peuples, des animaux des arbres & plantes de l’Amérique septentrionale & de ses divers climats.[12]

Nicolas died in 1688.[13] Many sources say that he died in Nepisiguit. However, Stephen White in his Dictionnaire Généalogique Des Familles Acadiennes, says probably in Paris, before July 1688.[5][9][14]

It is said that the Mi'kmaq called him “La grande barbe” (The long beard) because he had a long white beard. [6]

Timeline

1603 baptism, in France
1632 Treaty Saint-Germain-en-Laye cedes Acadia to France; Razilly brings ~300 elite men [15]
1632 arrival in Acadia / start of a sedentary fishing operation at Port Rossignol
1635 establishment and operation of a lumber industry at La Hève / return to France to recruit more settlers
1635 death of Razilly : set-back for the colony and Nicolas Denys
1636 Arrival of the first French families to settle permanently[16]
1642 marriage to Marguerite LaFitte in France
c1643 birth, daughter Marie
1644 birth, son Nicolas
c1645 birth, daughter Marguerite
1645 back to Acadia with wife and children / building of a fortified fishing and trading post in Miscou Harbour
1646 birth, son Jacques
1647 birth, son Richard
1648 birth, son Charles
1650 birth, son Jacques / settles in Cape Breton with his brother Simon
1651 Charles de Saint-Étienne de La Tour is made Governor & Lieutenant-General of all of Acadia, replacing D’Aulnay after his death
1652 foundation of a settlement in Nepisiguit and building of a home for his family
1653 ambushed and captured in Cape Breton and imprisoned in Port Royal / returns to France after his release / granted a seigneury of all lands between Cape Canso and Cape Rosier and a monopoly on the right to establish fixed fisheries in Acadia.
1654 return to Cape Breton Island as Lord Proprietor and Governor
1654 British capture Port-Royal; French settlement ceases[17]
1659 establishment of a fishing and trading post in Chedabouctou
1660 residence in Chedabouctou
1667-70 Treaty of Breda cedes Acadia to the French; settlement resumes[18]
1667 returns to France and obtains a grant that secured his rights in Acadia
c1668 home and business at Saint-Pierre are destroyed by fire, a financial blow for Denys, age 70
1670 residence in Nepisiguit
1672 publication in France of his studies Description geographique et historique des costes de l'Amerique septentrionale avec l'histoire naturelle du païs. and Histoire naturelle des peuples, des animaux des arbres & plantes de l’Amérique septentrionale & de ses divers climats
1688 death in Nepisiguit or Paris

Biographie

Nicolas Denys, né en France, a été un pionnier, un homme d'affaires, un auteur et une figure éminente en Acadie pendant près d'un demi-siècle. «Bien qu'il soit mieux connu pour avoir fondé les établissements de Saint-Pierre (aujourd’hui St-Peter’s, N.-E.), de Sainte-Anne (Englishtown, N.-E.) et de Népisiguit (Bathurst, N.-B.) son héritage le plus important demeure ses écrits à propos de la période de 1632 à 1670 en Acadie.»[1]

Débuts en France
Nicolas Denys a été baptisé le 2 juin 1603 dans la paroisse de Saint-Saturnin, à Tours. [3][4] Sa date de naissance est inconnue. Il était sixième d'une famille de dix enfants. Son père et son grand-père maternel faisaient partie de la noblesse. [5] Durant sa jeunesse, il a acquis des connaissances en exploitation forestière, dans l'industrie de la pêche, ainsi qu'en administration. Il était marchand à La Rochelle. En 1632 il s'est joint à une expédition mise sur pied par Isaac de Razilly dont le but était d'établir une colonie en Acadie.[19] Denys était responsable de développer la pêche, le commerce de la fourrure et l'exportation du bois vers la France. [5]

Vie en Acadie
Dès son arrivée en Acadie en 1632, Denys a mis en place une pêche sédentaire à Port-Rossignol (Liverpool, N.-E.) et en 1635, il a fondé, avec son frère Simon, la première industrie de bois d'oeuvre au Canada, à La Hève. Cette même année, il est retourné en France pour recruter des colons. Il a épousé Marguerite De Lafitte à La Rochelle en 1842.[8] Ils ont eu sept enfants: [9]

Marie ca 1643-/1687
Nicolas 1644-
Marguerite ca 1645-1654
Jacques 1646-
Richard 1647-1691
Charles 1648-
Jacques 1650

Il est revenu en Acadie avec sa famille vers 1645.
Parmi ses nombreuses autres réalisations en Acadie on retrouve:

  • La construction d'un poste fortifié de pêche et de traite à Miscou et à Chedabouctou (Guysborough, N.-E.).
  • L'aménagement du fort Sainte-Anne et la reconstruction du fort Saint-Pierre. Nicolas, Simon et un groupe de colons ont été les premiers habitants permanents au Cap-Breton.[5]
  • La fondation du poste de Népisiguit.
  • L'acquisition des "droits sur la côte et les îles du golfe Saint-Laurent depuis le Cap Canseau jusqu'au Cap des Rosiers en Gaspésie. Ce vaste territoire comprenait le Cap-Breton, aussi bien que les îles de la Madeleine, l’île Saint-Jean (île du Prince-Édouard) et toutes les autres îles du golfe. Peu après, il reçut sa nomination de gouverneur et de lieutenant général de ce territoire."[19]

Après la destruction par le feu de sa demeure et ses dépendances à Saint-Pierre à l'hiver 1668-1669, Denys, maintenant âgé de 70 ans et ruiné sur le plan financier, se retire à Népisiguit avec sa famille. Il cultive la terre et écrit à propos de ses expériences en Acadie. Ses écrits sont publiés en 1672 en France. Ils sont intitulés: Description geographique et historique des costes de l'Amerique septentrionale avec l'histoire naturelle du païs.[11] et Histoire naturelle des peuples, des animaux des arbres & plantes de l’Amérique septentrionale & de ses divers climats.[12]

Il est décédé en 1688, à Népisiguit selon plusieurs sources. Cependant Stephen White dans son Dictionnaire Généalogique Des Familles Acadiennes, indique qu'il serait décédé probablement à Paris avant juillet 1688. [5][9][14]

Il semblerait que le surnom de La grande barbe lui aurait été attribué par les Mi’kmaq en raison de sa barbe blanche fournie.[19]

Sources

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 « Nicolas Denys » Wikipedia accessed 2 August 2019
  2. Wood, John "Nicolas Denys,the First Proprietor and Governor of all the Gulf Coast of Acadia", blog posted September 13, 2017. Condensed, edited from a translation of the book The Description and Natural History of the Coasts of North America by W. F. Ganong, published in Toronto, 1908.
  3. 3.0 3.1 Baptism Record. Baptême de Nicolas Denys : Source bulletin SHA Moncton Clarence D'Entremont/Jean-Marie Germe (1989) et bulletin AGCF N° 1 (1995) Jean-Marie Germe http://www.fichierorigine.com/app/recherche/detail.php?numero=241225
  4. 4.0 4.1 Arch. Départementales d’Indre-et-Loire (Tours, France), “Reg. paroissiaux,” Tours, Saint-Saturnin, 2 juin 1603, image 222/271 https://archives.touraine.fr/ark:/37621/m1s84pzdwhvg/01817aca-c622-4bbf-80f1-f2d51eb57be8 (consulted 4 July 2023).
  5. 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 Jeanne Belford, « The Denys Story » Port Toulouse. http://freepages.rootsweb.com/~pclandry/genealogy/Toulouse/denysstory.htm
  6. 6.0 6.1 6.2 George MacBeath, “DENYS, NICOLAS,” in Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 1, University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003–, accessed August 4, 2019, http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/denys_nicolas_1E.html.
  7. Guy Perron©2021, « L’expédition du navire La Vierge pour l’Acadie en 1642 », Le blogue de Guy Perron, publié le 22 décembre 2021.article
  8. 8.0 8.1 Marriage Record/Acte de mariage Arch. en ligne, Charente-Maritime (La Rochelle, France), « Reg. paroissiaux, pastoraux et d’état civil », La Rochelle, Collection communale, Paroissiale, Mariages Sainte-Marguerite, 1636-1666, 1er oct. 1642 : p. 58/309. (consulté le 7 août 2019). http://www.archinoe.net/v2/ad17/registre.html
  9. 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Karen Theriot Reader. “Nicolas Denys” https://gw.geneanet.org/katheriot?lang=en&pz=frederick+joseph&nz=theriot&ocz=1&p=nicolas&n=denys&oc=1 (accessed 6 August 2019)
  10. Confirmation à Nicolas Denys de ses concessions de 1653. Archives de la Nouvelle-France, COL C11D 1/fol.121-122v CABAC_PIAF_127126_CABAC_PIAF_127126, folio 122, 3 pages, https://nouvelle-france.org/fra/Pages/item.aspx?IdNumber=7094&
  11. 11.0 11.1 Nicolas Denys, Description geographique et historique des costes de l'Amerique septentrionale avec l'histoire naturelle du païs, Paris, Claude Barbin, 1672, 167 p. Digitized copy Français / English translation
  12. 12.0 12.1 Nicolas Denys, Histoire naturelle des peuples, des animaux des arbres & plantes de l’Amérique septentrionale & de ses divers climats, Paris, Claude Barbin, 1672, 485 p. Digitized copy Français / English translation
  13. George MacBeath, “DENYS, NICOLAS,” in Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 1, University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003–, accessed December 12, 2022, http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/denys_nicolas_1E.html.
  14. 14.0 14.1 White, Stephen A., Patrice Gallant, and Hector-J Hébert. Dictionnaire Généalogique Des Familles Acadiennes. Moncton, N.-B.: Centre D'études Acadiennes, Université De Moncton, 1999, Print. P. 487
  15. George MacBeath, “RAZILLY (Rasilly), ISAAC DE,” in Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 1, University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003–, accessed August 6, 2019, http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/razilly_isaac_de_1E.html.
  16. Massignon, Geneviève. "Les parlers français d'Acadie, enquête linguistique", Librairie Klincksieck, Paris, 1962, 2 tomes. p32 first French families in Acadia.
  17. William I. Roberts, 3rd, “SEDGWICK, ROBERT,” in Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 1, University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003–, accessed August 4, 2019, http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/sedgwick_robert_1E.html.
  18. In collaboration, “MORILLON DU BOURG,” in Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 1, University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003–, accessed August 6, 2019, http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/morillon_du_bourg_1E.html.
  19. 19.0 19.1 19.2 George MacBeath, « DENYS, NICOLAS », dans Dictionnaire biographique du Canada, vol. 1, Université Laval/University of Toronto, 2003– , consulté le 7 août 2019, http://www.biographi.ca/fr/bio/denys_nicolas_1F.html.

See also :

Histoire des Acadiens et de l’Acadie. Le conflit La Tour-d’Aulnay (1637-1650)





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Denys-108 and Denys-18 appear to represent the same person because: same man, didn't show up due to date differences (which I have corrected, full source in Denys-108)
posted by Danielle Liard

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